1. 红薯是块根作物，土壤要求土层深厚、土质疏松、通气良好、肥沃适度。深耕能加厚活土层，改善通气性，加强蓄水能力，促进土壤养分释放。因此，不管是平作或是垄作，深耕都是提高红薯产量的一项重要措施。

1. Sweet potatoes are tuber crops that require deep, loose soil with good aeration and moderate fertility. Deep plowing can thicken the living soil layer, improve aeration, enhance water retention, and promote the release of soil nutrients. Therefore, whether in flat planting or ridge planting, deep plowing is an important measure to increase sweet potato yields.

2. 整株被害比较严重时，整棵铺满霜发霉褐枯萎。病菌根据卵孢子在领头和病株掉入土壤，种子带到下一代，播种小苗，造成小苗病发。如遇连阴雨、超低温连阴雨、超低温多雨气温，会导致霜霉病时兴。尤其是基肥使用太多，植物贪青旺长，相对密度过大，地形低洼地区块会加剧病发水平。

2. When the whole plant is severely infected, the entire plant will be covered with frost, mold, brown, and wilt. The pathogen spreads by spores in the soil from the fallen eggs of the leading and diseased plants, seeds are carried to the next generation, sowing seedlings, causing the seedlings to become sick. If continuous overcast rain, extremely low temperature continuous overcast rain, or extremely low temperature and rainy weather occurs, it can lead to an outbreak of the downy mildew. Especially when too much base fertilizer is used, the plants grow lushly, with a relatively high density, and in low-lying areas, this will exacerbate the level of disease occurrence.

3. 薄膜覆盖育苗。苗床不堆放酿热物，只覆盖塑料薄膜，这种苗床省工省料，但受天气影响较大，床温难以控制，排种时间比温床育苗推迟7天左右。

3. Film-covered seedling cultivation. The seedbed does not stack heat-generating materials, but is only covered with plastic film. This type of seedbed saves labor and materials, but is greatly affected by the weather, making it difficult to control the bed temperature. The seedling planting time is about 7 days later than that of the heated bed seedling cultivation.

4. 麦田整地技术做到：早、深、松、碎、净、平。

4. The land preparation technique for wheat fields should be: early, deep, loose, finely broken, clean, and flat.

5. 耕作整地可使耕层松软，土碎地平，干湿适宜，促进小麦苗全苗壮，保证地下部与地上部协调生长，所以是创造高产土壤条件的重要环节。具体方法，因水田、旱地以及不同前作而不同。

5. Tillage and land preparation can make the soil in the plowing layer loose and soft, fine and level, with suitable dryness and moisture, which promotes the full and robust growth of wheat seedlings, ensures the coordinated growth of the underground and aboveground parts, and thus is an important link in creating soil conditions for high yields. The specific methods vary depending on whether it is paddy fields or dry land and on the different previous crops.

6. 茎：小麦茎细而直立，园筒形，富弹性。主茎一般有13-14个节间，冬小麦一般9-14节，其中地上部节间伸长4-6个。近年推广的矮杆抗倒品种，株高多为80-100cm。茎基部地表下由不伸长的节间、节和腋芽密集的节群构成分蘖节，每节叶腋内有分蘖芽，条件适宜可长成分蘖。分蘖节交识着大量以分枝互相连会的维管束群，联络着根系和地上部，是苗期营养物质分配和运输的枢纽，也是苗期养分贮藏器官，大量糖分累积在分蘖节，使细胞液浓度提高，苗期抗寒力增强。适宜的播种深度可使分蘖节在土中保持适宜深度，以利于贮藏养分和安全越冬，同时有利于分蘖的发生培育壮苗。

6. Stem: The wheat stem is thin and upright, cylindrical, and has high elasticity. The main stem usually has 13-14 internodes, with winter wheat generally having 9-14 nodes, among which the upper part of the stem has 4-6 elongated internodes. In recent years, short-stemmed and lodging-resistant varieties have been promoted, with plant heights mostly ranging from 80-100 cm. The tillering node is composed of a dense cluster of internodes, nodes, and axillary buds that do not elongate, located below the soil surface at the base of the stem. Each node has tillering buds, which can develop into tillers under suitable conditions. The tillering nodes are interconnected with a large number of vascular bundles that are linked by branches, connecting the root system and the aboveground part. They are the hub for nutrient distribution and transportation during the seedling stage, and also serve as storage organs for nutrients. A large amount of sugar accumulates in the tillering nodes, increasing the cell sap concentration and enhancing the frost resistance of the seedlings. Suitable sowing depth allows the tillering nodes to remain at an appropriate depth in the soil, which is beneficial for nutrient storage and safe overwintering, as well as promoting the development of robust seedlings through tillering.

7. 剪苗：剪苗时间要看栽插时间配合进行，一般苗高20—25cm剪苗。剪苗时要在离地2个节上平剪，随剪随插。

7. Seedling Cutting: The timing of seedling cutting should be coordinated with the planting time, generally cutting the seedlings when they reach a height of 20-25cm. When cutting the seedlings, they should be cut horizontally at a distance of 2 joints from the ground, and planting should be done as the cutting is done.

8. 氧化钾：24-40公斤，折氯化钾144-24斤。

8. Potassium oxide: 24-40 kilograms, equivalent to 144-240 jin of potassium chloride.

9. 危害特征

10. 油菜蚜以人群聚集的形式在叶背及心叶刺吸液汁，青菜叶被害后发生变黄、蜷曲和生长发育欠佳。花柄和嫩茎被害，大部分发生畸型，影响正常的的抽薹、盛开和牢固。菜蚜是病毒病的主要传播媒体，造成病毒病发生后，会对生产量导致巨大损失。

9. Characteristic of Harm: 10. The rapeseed aphid feeds on the underside of leaves and heart leaves by forming aggregations to suck sap. After the green vegetable leaves are infested, they turn yellow, wrinkle, and their growth and development are poor. The petioles and tender stems are also affected, with most exhibiting deformities, affecting their normal bolting, blooming, and firmness. The green vegetable aphid is a major vector of viral diseases, and after the occurrence of viral diseases, it can cause significant losses in yield.

11. 结语

12. 综上所述，就是本文的全部内容，希望本文对大家有所帮助。仅供各位种植户朋友参考学习，如果大家有更专业的知识愿意分享，留言即可！也希望大家可以帮忙转发，点赞，关注一下笔者，谢谢！

11. Conclusion 12. In summary, this concludes the entire content of this article, and I hope it has been helpful to everyone. This is for the reference and learning of all the farmers, and if anyone has more professional knowledge to share, feel free to leave a message! Also, I hope everyone can help to forward, like, and follow the author. Thank you!

13. 一块土地用来种植小麦，播种到收获，都需要做什么，每一步流程叫什么名字？ 80分 小麦的种植到收获基本上是以下几个步骤：

13. What needs to be done from sowing to harvest for a plot of land used to grow wheat, and what are the names of each step? 80 points The process of wheat planting to harvest is basically the following steps:

14. 小麦一亩地平均有多少个穗 一般是35到50万穗。多数是40万穗左右

14. On average, how many ears of wheat are there per mu of land? It is usually between 350,000 to 500,000 ears. Most of the time, it is around 400,000 ears.

15. 红薯为喜钾作物，对氮、磷、钾的要求为2:

15. Sweet potatoes are potassium-loving crops, with a requirement for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium of 2:

16. 床坑挖好后，将新鲜猪牛粪、作物秸秆等酿热物分层垫放，厚度50cm左右，如秸秆比例过大，可泼一些新鲜人粪尿，促发酵。然后在酿热物上铺5—8cm厚的肥土。如不挖坑，在平地做堆床的，四周要用稀泥封闭，防止散热。

16. After the bed pit is dug, fresh cow and pig manure, crop straw, and other fermentation materials are layered and placed, with a thickness of about 50cm. If the proportion of straw is too high, some fresh human feces and urine can be sprinkled to promote fermentation. Then, a layer of manure soil 5-8cm thick is spread on the fermentation materials. If a pit is not dug, and a heap bed is made on the flat ground, the sides should be sealed with thin mud to prevent heat loss.

17. 育苗要求苗全、苗齐、苗匀、苗壮。育苗方法主要有温床育苗、薄膜育苗和露地育苗三种，高产栽培一般选用温床育苗。

17. Seedling raising requires full, even, uniform, and robust seedlings. The main methods of seedling raising include greenhouse seedling raising, film mulch seedling raising, and open field seedling raising. High-yield cultivation generally selects greenhouse seedling raising.

18. 小麦的形态特征,小麦属禾本科,共5个种，我国栽培的小麦品种，主要属于羔通小麦种

18. The morphological characteristics of wheat, which belongs to the Poaceae family, consist of 5 species. The wheat varieties cultivated in our country mainly belong to the Triticum dicoccum species.

19. 高产栽培红薯一般采用斜插法。要求薯苗长有5—7个节，入土2—3个节，露出2—4个节，优点是单株结薯数增加，近土表易结大薯，缺点是抗旱能力比直插稍差。

19. High-yield cultivation of sweet potatoes generally uses the slanting insertion method. The requirements are that the sweet potato seedlings should have 5-7 nodes, with 2-3 nodes inserted into the soil and 2-4 nodes exposed. The advantages are that the number of tubers per plant increases, and it is easier to form large tubers near the soil surface. The disadvantages are that the drought resistance is slightly poorer than that of the straight insertion method.

20. 精选种子，适时播种和移栽。播种前精选并解决种子，可消除混入种子里或种子外表的细菌和虫瘿。用10%的食盐水开展取种，除去病种子以及它残渣，随后将选定的种子晾晒后播种。油菜播种太早会加重蚜虫、病毒病和软腐病的发生和危害。

20. Select high-quality seeds and plant them at the right time. Before sowing, select and treat the seeds to eliminate bacteria and gall insects that may be mixed with the seeds or on their surface. Use a 10% saltwater solution for seed selection, remove diseased seeds and their residue, and then sow the selected seeds after they are dried. Sowing rapeseed too early will exacerbate the occurrence and damage of aphids, viral diseases, and soft rot.

21. 花序上的颖、稃（变态叶）等。盾片即子叶，着生于胚的一侧，不伸长。胚芽鞘是保护幼苗出土的器官，为一圆筒形叶鞘，具两条脉纹，顶端有一小裂缝，真叶由此伸出。胚芽鞘的颜色有红、绿两种，但也有上部红色，下部绿色者。分蘖鞘是位于真叶鞘之中包围在腋芽外面的一个鞘形叶片，顶端开裂，分蘖从顶端伸出。 真叶是正常的绿叶，由叶片、叶鞘、叶舌、叶耳组成。叶片狭长，左右不对称；第一片叶顶端比较紧硬呈钝形，其它各叶尖锐；老叶在距尖端35cm处有一收缩的叶束。叶鞘基部联合，上部分开环抱茎杆，有加强茎杆强度，并具光合和贮藏养分的作用。叶舌位于叶片与叶鞘交界处，为叶鞘内表皮的延长部分，可防雨水、灰尘、害虫侵入叶鞘。叶耳爪状有茸毛，着生于叶片基部两侧，其颜色是鉴别品种的标志之一。主茎上的叶片数因品种，播期、气候而不同，一般春性品种9-11叶，冬性品种12-14叶。在分蘖节上着生近根叶，伸长节上着生茎生叶4-6片。同一茎上叶片，自下而上渐次增长、增宽、倒二叶最长，倒一叶最宽，倒一叶又称顶叶和旗叶。

21. The spikelets, glumes (modified leaves), and lemma (bracts) on the inflorescence. The shield is the seedling leaf, which grows on one side of the embryo and does not elongate. The coleoptile is the organ that protects the seedling from emerging, and it is a cylindrical leaf sheath with two veins, topped with a small crack from which the true leaves emerge. The coleoptile can be red or green, but there are also types with the upper part red and the lower part green. The tiller sheath is a sheath-shaped leaf located within the true leaf sheath, surrounding the axillary buds outside. It splits at the top, and tillers emerge from the top. The true leaves are normal green leaves, consisting of the leaf blade, leaf sheath, leaf ligule, and leaf auricle. The leaf blade is narrow and elongated, asymmetrically so; the first leaf has a tight and pointed tip, while the other leaves are pointed; old leaves have a constricted leaf bundle 35cm from the tip. The leaf sheath is fused at the base and separates upwards to encircle the stem, reinforcing the stem's strength and serving also for photosynthesis and nutrient storage. The leaf ligule is an extension of the inner epidermis of the leaf sheath, preventing rain, dust, and insects from entering the sheath. The leaf auricles are claw-like with fur, growing on the base of the leaf on both sides, and their color is one of the distinguishing features of the variety. The number of leaves on the main stem varies by variety, sowing date, and climate, with spring varieties usually having 9-11 leaves and winter varieties 12-14 leaves. Near the root, leaves grow on the tillering node, and on the elongating node, there are 4-6 stem leaves. The leaves on the same stem grow gradually in length and width from bottom to top, with the second lowest leaf being the longest and the lowest leaf being the widest. The lowest leaf is also known as the top leaf and flag leaf.

22. 生育特点：出苗分蘖阶段，自播种出苗开始，到拔节为止。

22. Characteristics of seedling emergence: from the seedling emergence after sowing to the tillering stage, up to the time of jointing.

23. 发生特点

24. 油菜菌核病别名茎腐病，是一种细菌病害，该病原菌主要以菌核的方式寄读在土、种子、化肥中。此病多见于春天降水较多，油菜种在低洼地、淹水的湿冷土地，随风飘荡散播，损害油菜。尤其是初春寒更有益于病害发生，当施基肥太多时，油菜过度繁茂，自然通风透光性差，环境湿度大，患病率较高。

23. Characteristics of Occurrence 24. Sclerotinia disease of rapeseed, also known as stem rot, is a bacterial disease. The pathogen mainly infects soil, seeds, and fertilizers in the form of sclerotia. This disease is more common in spring when there is more rainfall, and rapeseed is planted in low-lying areas, waterlogged and cold wet lands. It spreads by wind and damages rapeseed. Particularly, the early spring cold is more conducive to the occurrence of the disease. When too much base fertilizer is applied, rapeseed becomes overly lush, resulting in poor natural ventilation and lighting, and high humidity, which increases the incidence rate of the disease.

25. 红薯的收获物块根是无性营养体，没有明显的成熟标志，红薯的收获期主要由气温决定。一般在当地平均气温下降到15℃左右开始收获。我市一般在10月中、下旬初霜前收获为宜。收获过早，缩短了块根膨大时间，产量和出粉率低，同时较高温度下收获的薯块容易引起“烧窖”，不能安全贮藏。收获过迟，低温影响降低薯块淀粉含量，糖分含量增加，出粉率降低，耐贮性降低。

25. The harvested tubers of sweet potatoes are asexual vegetative bodies without obvious maturity signs. The harvest period of sweet potatoes is mainly determined by the temperature. Generally, harvesting begins when the average local temperature drops to around 15℃. In our city, it is advisable to harvest before the initial frost in mid to late October. Harvesting too early shortens the time for the tubers to swell, resulting in low yield and low powder extraction rate. At the same time, tubers harvested at higher temperatures are prone to "burning" in storage, which cannot be safely stored. Harvesting too late will reduce the starch content of the tubers due to low temperatures, increase the sugar content, lower the powder extraction rate, and reduce the storability.

26. 磷素在小麦籽粒中占干重07-09%，是 白的组成成分。

26. Phosphorus constitutes 7-9% of the dry weight in wheat grains and is an essential component of white.

27. 注意选择施肥的方法，施肥的时间，施肥的用量。

27. Pay attention to the method of fertilization, the time of fertilization, and the amount of fertilizer applied.

28. 防治方法

29. 推行稻谷或小麦、苞米轮作；选用抗病品种；凹沟排水管道，合理密植，消除旧病叶，提升透光性自然通风；药物防治。可选用的药物在开花期无雨天开展喷洒，喷施频次以1～3次为宜。

28. Control and Prevention Methods 29. Implementing rotation of rice or wheat and corn; selecting disease-resistant varieties; installing depression ridges for drainage, planting at a reasonable density, removing old disease leaves, improving light transmission for natural ventilation; and using pesticides for control. Pesticides should be applied during the flowering period when there is no rain, with an ideal application frequency of 1 to 3 times.

30. 缺硼：雄蕊发育不良，花粉少而差，降低结实率。

30. Sbor deficiency: Poor stamen development, less and poor pollen, reducing fruit setting rate.

31. 选用良种。优良品种的特点：产量高，品质好，抗逆性强，产量稳定。当前生产上应用的良种有：郑麦9023、鄂麦23、鄂麦18、华麦13

31. Selection of high-quality varieties. Characteristics of high-quality varieties: high yield, good quality, strong resistance to adversity, and stable yield. The high-quality varieties currently used in production include: Zhengmai 9023, Hubei Wheat 23, Hubei Wheat 18, Huamai 13.

32. 危害特征

33. 稚虫以啃噬叶脉，开展危害，展现薄而通透的外皮，或将叶子吃光只剩余叶茎，导致植物枯萎。菜青虫属于一年几代人虫害，危害油菜主要是在9月至11月发生的7～9代。稚虫生长发育适宜环境温度在25℃上下，适宜湿度为空气湿度75%上下。挨近住宅小区、菜园子地的油菜田，因为虫源多，一般被害比较严重。

32. Characteristics of Damage 33. The larvae chew on leaf veins, causing damage, showing a thin and transparent exoskeleton, or eating the leaves completely, leaving only the leaf stems, leading to plant withering. The cabbage worm is a pest that has several generations in a year, and the main damage to rapeseed occurs in the 7th to 9th generations from September to November. The larvae develop and grow best at an environmental temperature of around 25°C and a suitable humidity of around 75% air humidity. Rapeseed fields near residential areas and vegetable gardens are generally more severely affected due to a higher number of pest sources.

34. 小麦是小麦系植物的统称，是一种在世界各地广泛种植的禾本科植物，起源于中东新月沃土(Levant)地区，是世界上最早栽培的农作物之一，小麦的颖果是人类的主食之一，磨成面粉后可制作面包、馒头、饼干、面条等食物；发酵后可制成啤酒、酒精、伏特加，或生质燃料。小麦富含淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪、矿物质、钙、铁、硫胺素、核黄素、烟酸、维生素A及维生素C等。

34. Wheat is a general term for wheat genus plants, a grass species that is extensively cultivated worldwide, originating from the Fertile Crescent (Levant) region in the Middle East. It is one of the earliest cultivated crops in the world. The wheat kernel is one of the staple foods for humans, which can be ground into flour to make bread, mantou (steamed buns), biscuits, noodles, and other foods; fermented to produce beer, alcohol, vodka, or biofuels. Wheat is rich in starch, protein, fat, minerals, calcium, iron, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin A, and vitamin C, among others.

35. 选择地下水位低、排水方便、避风向阳、3—5年未种过红薯的疏松土壤作苗床，育苗前耕翻、耙平、整细。

35. Select loose soil with low groundwater level, convenient drainage, wind-protected and sunny, and soil that has not been planted with sweet potatoes for 3-5 years as the seedbed. Turn over, harrow, and refine the soil before sowing seedlings.

36. 位于腹沟相对的一侧，外为明显皱缩的籽实皮所覆盖。腹沟两侧叫做果颊，一般为圆形隆起状态。

36. Located on the opposite side of the inguinal groove, the outer surface is covered by明显皱缩的籽实皮 (obviously shrunken seed coat). The sides of the inguinal groove are called fruit cheeks, which are generally in a rounded prominence state.

37. 果实和种子：小麦籽粒生产上叫种子，为一不开裂，含有单粒种子的颖果，籽粒颜色有红、白两种。小麦果实成熟时，其单粒种子的种皮与果皮紧密相连，不易分离。粒形卵圆，一侧较平，其背面光滑，朝向内稃的一面有内陷的腹沟。籽粒顶端有短而坚韧的果毛。胚着生于果实背面基部，长度约为籽粒长的1/4-/1/

37. Fruit and Seed: In wheat grain production, the term "seed" refers to the spikelet, which is an unsplit fruit containing a single seed. The color of the seeds can be red or white. When the wheat fruit matures, the seed coat of the single seed is closely connected to the fruit coat, making it difficult to separate. The grain shape is oval, with one side relatively flat. Its back is smooth, and the side facing the inner lemma has an inwardly concave groove. The top of the seed has a short and tough fruit bristle. The embryo is located at the base of the fruit back, with a length of approximately 1/4 to 1/3 of the seed length.

38. 红薯栽插密度应根据品种、土壤肥力、施肥水平和栽插方式确定，短蔓直插密度一般亩插6000株左右，长蔓斜插宜稀，一般插2500—3500株。

38. The planting density of sweet potatoes should be determined based on the variety, soil fertility, fertilization level, and planting method. The planting density for short-stemmed straight planting is generally about 6,000 plants per mu, while for long-stemmed slanting planting, it is more suitable to be sparse, usually planting between 2,500 to 3,500 plants.

39. 缺锰：小麦叶片柔软下披，有时出现灰色斑点。

39. Deficiency of manganese: The wheat leaves become soft and droop, and sometimes gray spots appear.

40. 防治方法

41. 关键是防止幼苗期感病。选用抗病品种。适度延迟播种期。治蚜、驱蚜预防疾病。在油菜出芽前和幼苗期，加强对油菜地周边十字花科蔬菜如大白菜、箩卜等宿主上蚜虫的防治。也可在油菜地域设定黄板，诱捕蚜虫。实际防治对策见蚜虫一部分。

40. Prevention and Control Methods 41. The key is to prevent the disease during the seedling stage. Choose disease-resistant varieties. Appropriately delay the sowing period. Control and repel aphids to prevent diseases. Before rapeseed germinates and during the seedling stage, strengthen the control of aphids on host cruciferous vegetables such as Chinese cabbage and radish around the rapeseed field. Yellow boards can also be set up in the rapeseed area to trap aphids. The actual control measures can be found in the section on aphids.

42. 要坚持前期高温催芽，中期适温长苗，后期低温炼苗的温度控制原则，主要通过低拱膜的盖、揭管理来调温控温。齐苗前以催为主。床温保持在30—35℃，温度超过30℃要及时揭膜降温，薯苗长至6—7叶时，转入炼苗为主，在气温不低于20℃时，揭膜炼苗，经3—5天炼苗后即可剪苗栽插。二是加强肥水管理，苗床不宜过干或过湿，床土发白要少量浇水，保持床土湿润，每次采苗后追施一次腐熟稀薄粪尿水，提高薯苗产量。同时注意搞好中耕除草等工作。

42. It is necessary to adhere to the temperature control principles of early high temperature germination, moderate temperature growth in the middle period, and low temperature seedling hardening in the later stage. The temperature regulation is mainly achieved through the management of covering and uncovering the low arch film. Before the seedlings are all sprouted, the focus should be on germination. Maintain the bed temperature at 30-35°C, and if the temperature exceeds 30°C, it is necessary to uncover the film to cool down. When the potato seedlings grow to 6-7 leaves, shift the focus to seedling hardening. When the air temperature is not below 20°C, uncover the film for seedling hardening. After 3-5 days of hardening, the seedlings can be cut and planted. Secondly, strengthen the management of fertilization and irrigation. The seedbed should not be too dry or too wet. If the soil turns white, water it with a small amount to keep the soil moist. After each seedling collection, apply decomposed thin manure water once to increase the yield of potato seedlings. At the same time, pay attention to proper tillage and weeding.

43. 对于不同的土地品种有着不同的栽培方法，不同栽培方法对于产量也不一样，好的土地护养与科学施肥是旱麦增产的重要措施。

43. Different land varieties require different cultivation methods, and these methods also vary in their impact on yield. Good land management and scientific fertilization are important measures for increasing the yield of dry wheat.

44. 纯氮：275-323公斤，折碳铵468-549斤；

44. Pure nitrogen: 275-323 kg, equivalent to 468-549 catties of carbon ammonium.

45. 苗肥：齐苗后追一次速效肥，促进幼苗生长，提早分蘖，一般每亩追尿素5-8斤；

45. Seedling Fertilizer: After the seedlings are all planted, apply a quick-acting fertilizer once to promote the growth of seedlings and to initiate tillering early. Generally, 5-8 jin of urea per mu should be applied.

46. 深耕土壤。深耕松土可将菌核和过冬跳甲级掩埋土中，冬耕锄草可将虫害冷死，缓解初春病虫害危害；与此同时蕾薹期培土松土可在菌核萌生前开展埋杀，合理密植与上肥，清沟排渍，减少农田环境湿度、清除干枝卷叶、可提升自然通风；把握住转晴气温施用薹化肥，可降低大部分病虫害的发生。

46. Deeply cultivate the soil. Deep plowing and loosening the soil can bury the sclerotia and overwintering jumping beans into the soil, winter plowing and weeding can kill the pests by cold, and alleviate the initial spring pest and disease hazards; at the same time, loosening the soil during the bud and shoot stage before the germination of the sclerotia can carry out burial and killing, rational planting density and fertilization, clearing the ditches and drainage, reducing the humidity of the farmland environment, removing dry branches and rolled leaves, can enhance natural ventilation; taking advantage of the change in weather and using cabbage fertilizer can reduce the occurrence of most pests and diseases.

47. 冬性品种日平均温度17-18℃，在10月以后播种；

47. Winter-hardy varieties with an average daily temperature of 17-18°C should be sown after October.

48. 冬小麦的返青期、孕穗期、灌浆期、成熟期大致时间 这些都与地区及当年的天气有关，基本是在六一前后

48. The approximate timing of winter wheat's greening-up period, booting stage, filling stage, and maturity period are all related to the region and the weather that year, generally around the June 1st mark.

49. 宜采用底肥为主，重施钾肥的原则科学施肥。根据红薯需肥规律和生产试验，亩产鲜薯3000公斤左右的高产丘块，要求亩施腐熟的厩肥3000—4000公斤，N、P、K含量30%的红薯专用配方肥35—40公斤作底肥，底肥在起垄时施入，如平作，在翻耕时施入，追肥分两次施用，移栽成活后新蔓长5—10cm时追施苗肥，每亩施尿素5—7公斤，对水淋蔸，移栽后50—60天，亩用10千克30%红薯专用肥加硫酸钾5kg结合中耕条施追入。

49. It is recommended to adopt a scientific fertilization method with bottom fertilizer as the main component and a heavy application of potassium fertilizer. According to the nutrient requirement pattern of sweet potatoes and production tests, for high-yielding plots with an annual yield of about 3,000 kilograms of fresh tubers per mu, it is required to apply 3,000 to 4,000 kilograms of composted stable manure as the bottom fertilizer, and 35 to 40 kilograms of sweet potato-specific formula fertilizer with a N, P, K content of 30% as the bottom fertilizer. The bottom fertilizer should be applied at the time of ridging, or if cultivated flatly, at the time of plowing. Topdressing should be applied in two stages. After the seedlings take root, apply seedling fertilizer when the new vines grow to 5-10 cm in length, applying 5-7 kilograms of urea per mu, and watering the base. Fifty to sixty days after transplanting, apply 10 kilograms of 30% sweet potato-specific fertilizer plus 5 kg of potassium sulfate in combination with inter-row cultivation.

50. 小麦种植过程 小麦栽培技术

50. Wheat Planting Process - Wheat Cultivation Techniques

51. 栽插时间：适时早插有利增产。应掌握气温稳定通过18℃为栽插的上限。一般4月下旬即可栽插，确保红薯高产，争取在5月下旬插完。

51. Planting Time: Early planting at the right time is beneficial for increased yield. The upper limit for planting should be when the temperature stabilizes above 18℃. Generally, planting can be done by the end of April, ensuring high yield of sweet potatoes, and striving to complete planting by the end of May.

52. 小麦与微量元素。小麦在生长发育过程中需要吸收锰、锌、铜、硼、钼等微量元素。

52. Wheat and trace elements. During the growth and development process, wheat needs to absorb trace elements such as manganese, zinc, copper, boron, and molybdenum.

53. 生产450-500公斤小麦施肥量（按标准亩）：总施氮量为碳铵50公斤，过磷酸钙40公斤，钾肥10-15公斤，有机质占60-70%。

53. Fertilization amount for producing 450-500 kg wheat (by standard mu): The total nitrogen application is 50 kg of ammonium carbonate, 40 kg of calcium superphosphate, 10-15 kg of potassium fertilizer, with organic matter accounting for 60-70%.

54. 湘薯17号、济黑1号等品种，这些品种出粉率高，产量稳定，抗性强，种植效益比普通品种高。

54. The varieties such as Xiangshu 17, Jihai 1, etc., have high starch yield, stable output, strong resistance, and higher planting benefits compared to common varieties.

55. 小麦最多一穗有多少粒 1粒100%出苗，一般分蘖成穗3-4个，每穗平均最高穗粒数45粒。按此计算一粒小麦种子最多可以长160川小麦 小麦繁殖系数一般为100倍。

55. How many grains can the largest ear of wheat have? One grain can produce 100% seedlings, and generally, the tillers develop into 3-4 ears, with an average of the highest grain count per ear at 45 grains. According to this calculation, one wheat seed can potentially grow into 160 Chuan of wheat. The wheat multiplication coefficient is generally 100 times.

56. 春性品种日平均温度13-14℃，在10月底开始播种；

56. Spring-type varieties should be sown starting from the end of October, with an average daily temperature of 13-14°C.

57. 穗：小麦为穗状花序，穗轴多个大头朝上的楔形节片组成，整个穗轴呈曲折形。小穗无柄，着生在各穗轴节片的顶端，每个小穗又形成一短轴，叫小枝梗，小枝梗可分若干短节，每个短节上着生一朵小花，每个小穗有3-9朵小花。但一般仅下部两朵小花戏院有结实。每个小穗基部，相对着生两个颖片。

57. Spike: Wheat has an spike-like inflorescence, consisting of several wedge-shaped segments with their broad ends facing upwards, forming a curved spike axis. The spikelets are sessile, attached to the tops of the spike axis segments. Each spikelet forms a short axis, known as a pedicel, which can be divided into several short segments. Each short segment bears a single flower, and each spikelet has 3-9 flowers. However, generally only the two lower flowers of each spikelet develop into fruit. At the base of each spikelet, two glumes are borne opposite each other.

58. 红薯除部分食用外，大部分用作饲料加工和加工淀粉。因此，宜选择高淀粉型红薯良种豫薯868、YS86、湘幅1号、SL—

58. In addition to being consumed by a portion, most sweet potatoes are used for feed processing and starch processing. Therefore, it is advisable to choose high-starch sweet potato varieties such as Yushu 868, YS86, Xiangfu No. 1, and SL—

59. B、密度与产量构成因素的关系：种植密度一般基本苗，它是产量形成的基础，密度增加时，单位面积的穗数得到提高，但穗粒数和千粒重下降；密度降低时，穗数减少，但穗粒数和千粒重有所增加。一般要求每亩基本苗数在15-30万才是适宜的种植密度。

59. B, the relationship between planting density and yield components: The planting density of the basic seedlings is generally the basis for yield formation. As the density increases, the number of ears per unit area improves, but the number of grains per ear and the thousand-grain weight decrease; when the density decreases, the number of ears decreases, but the number of grains per ear and the thousand-grain weight increase slightly. Generally, a planting density of 150,000 to 300,000 basic seedlings per mu is considered appropriate.

60. 氮素在小麦籽粒中占干重22%，是构成细胞原生质的重要成分。

60. Nitrogen constitutes 22% of the dry weight in wheat grains and is an important component of the cell protoplasm.

61. 营养物质积累多，有利于安全越冬，为增产打基础。

61. Accumulation of nutrients is beneficial for safe wintering and lays the foundation for increased production.

62. 合理轮作，适时换茬。大部分油菜病虫害全是以相应的状态在土壤中过冬、露地栽培的，因此轮作换茬具备不错的防效，开展水旱轮作，防止与十字花科蔬菜重茬，可高效抑止菜青虫及多种多样野草发生和生长发育。对病毒病、霜霉病也是有一定的防治功效，油菜不适合与十字花科蔬菜重茬，不然病害将显着提升。

62. Reasonable crop rotation and timely change of crops. Most diseases and pests of rapeseed spend the winter in the soil in their corresponding states and are cultivated in open fields, so crop rotation and change of crops have a good preventive effect. Carrying out alternating cultivation of water and drought and preventing the repeated planting of cruciferous vegetables can effectively suppress the occurrence and development of cabbageworms and various kinds of weeds. It also has a certain preventive effect on viral diseases and downy mildew. Rapeseed is not suitable for repeated planting with cruciferous vegetables, otherwise, the diseases will significantly increase.

63. A、密度与光合生产的关系：小麦生产是通过光合作用吸收日光能转变成有机质的过程。合理密植能充分利用日光能，密度过低，浪费光能，光合产物减少；密度过大，呼吸作用加快，消耗光合产物也增加，通风透光不良，功能叶片死亡提早，光合寿命缩短，合成有机质减少。

63. A, the relationship between density and photosynthetic production: Wheat production is a process of converting solar energy absorbed through photosynthesis into organic matter. Reasonable planting density can fully utilize solar energy. If the density is too low, solar energy is wasted, and the amount of photosynthetic products decreases. If the density is too high, the respiration rate accelerates, and the consumption of photosynthetic products also increases. Poor ventilation and lighting can lead to early death of functional leaves, shortening the photosynthetic lifespan, and reducing the synthesis of organic matter.

64. 清洁田园。开花期立即摘掉枯黄、黄叶和病叶，改进株间自然通风透光性标准，减少患病率。妥善处理菜园里的枯枝和枯叶，消除农田野草。

64. Clean the farmland. Immediately remove withered, yellow leaves, and diseased leaves during the flowering period, improve the natural ventilation and light penetration standards between plants, and reduce the incidence of disease. Properly dispose of the withered branches and leaves in the vegetable garden, and eliminate weeds in the farmland.

65. 一米双行184个穗。小麦亩穗数是多少怎么计算 这要看行距是多少？才能定株距。例如行距12米（种双行、双株），按每公顷65万株计算，株距是417厘米。

65. There are 184 spikes in a one-meter double row. How do you calculate the number of spikes per mu of wheat? This depends on the row spacing to determine the plant spacing. For example, with a row spacing of 12 meters (planting double rows and double plants), if you calculate at 650,000 plants per hectare, the plant spacing is 417 centimeters.

66. 温床育苗可选择栽插前1个半月左右排种，露地育苗要求土温在14℃以上才能排种，根据以往经验，我市温床育苗一般3月上旬进行，露地育苗推迟10—15天。要选择中等大小（150—220克），皮色鲜明无病斑的健壮薯块，亩（大田）用种量75—90公斤，排种密度13cm×16cm，每平方米排种量225—25公斤。排种前先消毒，将种薯用70%甲基托布津700倍或25%多菌灵粉剂500倍液浸10分钟即可。排种时薯块头部朝上，底部朝下，大薯排深小薯排浅。排种后复土，复土不宜过厚，只要种薯不外露，就可盖土后用地膜低拱覆盖保温。

66. Seedling cultivation on a hotbed can be carried out about one and a half months before planting, while field seedling cultivation requires soil temperatures above 14℃ before sowing. According to past experience, in our city, hotbed seedling cultivation usually takes place in early March, and field seedling cultivation is delayed by 10-15 days. Medium-sized (150-220 grams) healthy tubers with bright skin and no disease spots should be selected. The seed rate is 75-90 kilograms per mu (field), with a seedling spacing of 13cm×16cm, and the seedling amount per square meter is 225-250 kilograms. Before sowing, disinfection should be carried out first. The seed tubers should be soaked in 700 times of 70% metalaxyl or 500 times of 25% carbendazim powder solution for 10 minutes. When sowing, the tuber heads should be upwards and the bottoms downwards, with large tubers sown deeper and small tubers shallower. After sowing, cover the soil again, but do not make it too thick; just ensure that the seed tubers are not exposed. After covering the soil, use a low arch covered with a film to insulate and preserve heat.

67. 不翻蔓、不提蔓。我省各地都有翻蔓的传统习惯。理由是拉断不定根，避免长成小薯，同时便于除草。事实证明翻蔓扰乱了茎叶自然生长状态，造成人为机械损伤和重叠，降低光合效能，同时拉断了不定根，减少了水分和养分的吸收，同样制约生长，造成减产。因此，在茎蔓管理上要积极改变传统习惯，做到不翻蔓、不提蔓。

67. Do not untwine or pull up the vines. It is a traditional custom to untwine vines in various regions of our province. The rationale is to prevent the breaking of adventitious roots, avoid the growth of small tubers, and make weeding easier. However, it has been proven that untwining disrupts the natural growth state of the stems and leaves, causing artificial mechanical damage and overlap, reducing the photosynthetic efficiency. At the same time, it breaks the adventitious roots, reducing the absorption of water and nutrients, which similarly hinders growth and leads to yield reduction. Therefore, in the management of stem vines, it is necessary to actively change traditional habits and avoid untwining and pulling up the vines.

68. 花叶子：与白菜型油菜花叶类似，余脉和小脉透明色，叶子变成黄绿色之间的花叶子，有时候发生疱斑，叶子发皱。斑点状枯斑：茎杆上散生灰黑色针头大的小色斑，斑周边稍呈油迹状，病斑联片后色斑不扩张。大白菜型和介菜型油菜的临床症状，幼苗期为花叶子和发皱，中后期植物矮化砧，茎和果轴短缩。

68. Flower leaves: Similar to the flowering leaves of cabbage-type rapeseed, with transparent secondary and minor veins, leaves turn between yellow and green, sometimes with blister spots and wrinkled leaves. Spotted withering spots: Grey-black, needle-sized spots scattered on the stem, with a slightly oily appearance around the spots, and the spots do not expand when they merge together. The clinical symptoms of large cabbage-type and mustard spinach-type rapeseed are as follows: at the seedling stage, the plants show flower leaves and wrinkles, and in the middle and late stages, the plants become stunted, with shortened stems and fruit pedicles.

69. 露地育苗。露地育苗不放酿热物也不盖膜，方法简单，省工省料，但用种量大，出苗少而缓慢，且排种时间受当地气候条件限制，要求日平均气温稳定通过15℃才能排种，我市一般在3月下旬进行。

69. Outdoor Seedling Raising. Outdoor seedling raising does not use fermentation materials and does not cover with film. The method is simple, saves labor and materials, but requires a large amount of seeds, resulting in fewer and slower seedlings. Additionally, the timing of seed sowing is limited by local climatic conditions, requiring the daily average temperature to stabilize above 15℃ for sowing. In our city, this is generally carried out in late March.

70. 小麦最多一穗有多少粒 一般的小麦是30粒左右。貌似网上有报道100多粒的， 然后说明一下，我对这类问题不擅长的。

70. How many grains can the largest ear of wheat have? Generally, wheat ears have about 30 grains. There seem to be reports online of ears with over 100 grains. By the way, I'm not very good at this kind of question.

71. 防治方法

72. 农业防治：一是选用合适本地栽种的抗病性高品质高产种类，与莎草科农作物轮作1～2年或水旱轮作，降低卵孢子总数，减少病发。二是改善种植技术，施足底肥，推动旺苗，施用磷、钾肥，适当施硼肥，增强植物抵抗工作能力。药物防治：可选用合适的药物在油菜初开花期喷洒就可以不错地操纵病害发生、发展趋势。

71. Control and Prevention Methods 72. Agricultural Control Measures: First, select high-quality, high-yield disease-resistant varieties suitable for local planting, and rotate them with Cyperaceae crops for 1-2 years or implement water-land rotation to reduce the total number of oospores and decrease disease incidence. Second, improve planting techniques, apply sufficient base fertilizer, promote vigorous seedling growth, use phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and appropriately apply boron fertilizers to enhance the plant's ability to resist diseases. Chemical Control Measures: Appropriate chemicals can be selected and sprayed during the early flowering stage of rapeseed to effectively control the occurrence and development trend of the disease.

73. 花：每朵小花的外面，有一个外颖和一个内颖，相互对生，外颖呈船形，顶端有芒或无芒，内颖呈鞋形，两侧包于外颖之内。外颖内倒，有两个无色鳞片。每花有雄蕊3个，雌蕊1个。

73. Flower: Each small flower has an outer lemma and an inner lemma, which are opposite to each other. The outer lemma is shaped like a boat, with a bristle at the top or without a bristle. The inner lemma is shaped like a shoe, enveloping the sides within the outer lemma. The outer lemma is inverted inside, with two colorless scales. Each flower has 3 stamens and 1 pistil.