1. 综上所述，谚语，俚语（描述性的俗语），歇后语，这三部分构成俗语的整体。俗语属于口语型的语句，与书面语型的成语、格言有所区别，它们是汉语的口语和书面语的两大系统。

1. In summary, proverbs, colloquialisms (descriptive slang), and riddles constitute the whole of popular sayings. Popular sayings are oral-type statements, distinct from written-type idioms and proverbs. They are two major systems of the spoken and written Chinese languages.

2. 人从小时教，马从驹时训。（蒙古族） —— 谚语

2. A person is taught from a child, a horse from a foal. (Mongolian) —— Proverb

3. ◆不下水，一辈子不会游泳；不扬帆，一辈子不会撑船。

3.◆ If you never dive into the water, you'll never learn to swim; if you never hoist the sail, you'll never learn to row a boat.

4. 歇后语形式上是半截话（前半为形象或事例，后半为解释、说明），实际上是要把话说得更形象些，更具体些。因此，歇后语应该包括在俗语之内。不过，歇后语中的形象常常是漫画式的，带有戏谑调侃的色彩。它用种种修辞手段，对字、词、语、句（包括俗语本身）加以修饰，使之生动活泼。因而跟谚语、描述性俗语（改称俚语），又有些不同。如：

4. The idiom is in the form of a half-sentence (the first part being a vivid image or example, and the second part being an explanation or clarification), but in fact, it is intended to make the words more vivid and specific. Therefore, idioms should be included within proverbs. However, the images in idioms are often cartoonish and carry a playful and teasing tone. They use various rhetorical devices to modify words, phrases, sentences (including proverbs themselves), making them lively and animated. Thus, they are somewhat different from proverbs, descriptive idioms (also known as slang), etc. For example:

5. 俚语，这个术语有时跟俗语相混，俚俗并称。这个“俚”，跟“乡里”之“里”有关，望文生义，也就是里人（乡下人）的意思。俚语常指带有方言色彩的土语。既然它有时跟俗语相混，而“惯用语”实际上又多指俚语，不如就借用“俚语”一词，来专指这些描述性的俗语。

5. Slang, this term is sometimes mixed with proverbs and referred to together as slang and colloquialisms. The "li" in "slang" is related to the "li" in "country," and literally means "people of the country" (country folk). Slang often refers to local dialectal language with regional color. Since it is sometimes mixed with colloquialisms, and the term "idioms" actually often refers to slang, it is better to borrow the term "slang" to specifically refer to these descriptive colloquialisms.

6. 模范比教训更有力量。

6. Role models have more power than teaching.

7. 又释郡君县君，引元品官母妻四品赠郡君，五品赠县君，然考汉武帝尊王太后母为平原君，平原汉郡，则封郡君之制已始於汉。又武帝封金王孙女号修成君，修成汉县，则封县君之制亦始於汉，是书仅载元品官，则引后而遗前。

7. Furthermore, the text mentions the titles of "Du Jun" (Duke) and "Xian Jun" (Countess), where the mother and wife of a Yuan-level official were granted the title of "Du Jun" at the fourth rank and "Xian Jun" at the fifth rank. However, considering that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty honored the mother of Empress Dowager Wang as "Princess Pingyuan," and since Pingyuan was a commandery in the Han Han area, it can be inferred that the institution of granting the title of "Du Jun" dates back to the Han Dynasty. Moreover, Emperor Wu also granted the granddaughter of Jin Wang the title of "Xiu Cheng Jun," and as Xiu Cheng was a county in the Han Dynasty, it indicates that the institution of granting the title of "Xian Jun" also originated in the Han Dynasty. This book only records the Yuan-level officials, thus, it mentions the later titles and omits the earlier ones.

8. 人不教不懂，钟不敲不鸣，树不修不长，娃不管不成。 —— 谚语

8. A person who is not taught does not learn, a bell that is not struck does not chime, a tree that is not pruned does not grow, a child that is not nurtured does not flourish. – Proverb

9. 曹沧州像个乡下佬，平常不欢喜开口，走路也是慢吞吞的。这天，他接到圣旨，顿时面如土色，抱着一家老小嚎啕大哭。他认定，西太后若不到不可救药的地步，是不会从京城到苏州来请他的，治不好西太后，医生要殉葬，自己这条命是有去无回了。可圣旨不能违拗，曹沧洲只好硬着头皮动身。他一到北京刚住下，就借口路上受了风寒，便卧床不起，其实生病是假：要摸慈禧太后生病的根子是真。头一件大事是查看她吃了些什么药？不查不知道，一查吓一跳。慈禧太后每天吃的山珍海味不说，单是人参一项，日日恨不得泡在参汤里洗浴。还有燕窝、银耳，更是当饭吃。曹沧洲想到，医书上早有记载：“滋补过多，必然食阻中焦，中焦闭塞，危在旦夕。”找出病源，他的胆子大了，便去替慈禧太后看病了。

9. Cao Cangzhou, resembling a rustic, is not fond of talking much in everyday life and walks slowly. On this day, upon receiving the imperial edict, he turned pale as the ground and cried out loud, holding his whole family. He believed that if the Empress Dowager Cixi were not at the point of no return, she would not have come to Suzhou from the capital to invite him. If he couldn't cure the Empress Dowager, the doctor would have to commit suicide, and his life would be lost without return. However, the imperial edict could not be defied, so Cao Cangzhou had to set off with a stiff upper lip. As soon as he arrived in Beijing and settled in, he claimed to have caught a cold on the way and lay in bed, unable to get up. In reality, he was feigning illness: the real purpose was to uncover the root of the Empress Dowager's illness. The first big task was to find out what kind of medicine she was taking? Not knowing was not knowing, but once investigated, it was shocking. Not to mention the mountain delicacies and sea foods Empress Dowager Cixi ate every day, just the ginseng alone, she wanted to bathe in ginseng soup every day. There were also bird's nest and silver ear, which she even ate as food. Cao Cangzhou thought of what was recorded in the medical books: "Overeating tonics will inevitably block the middle burner, and if the middle burner is blocked, it is a matter of life and death." After finding the source of the illness, his courage grew, and he went to treat Empress Dowager Cixi.

10. 还有，谚语为人们对生产,生活中长期积累的经验进行描述的简练语言，这个就是它的来源。。

10. Moreover, proverbs are concise languages that describe the long-term accumulated experience of people in production and life, and this is where their origin lies.

11. 一个好的榜样，就是最好的宣传。

11. A good example is the best propaganda.

12. 有的文章中偶尔也把俗语称作成语。俗语和成语都是汉语中的约定俗成的语言形式，二者关系密切。“约定俗成”这一成语，就包含着俗、成二字。但从学习的角度来看，它们还是各有特点的。试比较下列例句：

12. Sometimes, in some articles, idioms are also referred to as proverbs. Both idioms and proverbs are conventional language forms in Chinese, and they are closely related. The idiom "conventionally formed" itself contains the characters "common" and "formed." However, from the perspective of learning, they each have their own characteristics. Let's compare the following examples:

13. 回答者：kgdxk - 董事长 十六级 9-

13. Respondent: kgdxk - Chairman, Level 16, 9-

14. 纸糊的琵琶 － <谈（弹）不得>

14. Paper-pasted Pipa - <Not to be played (strummed)>

15. ③国家的事再小也是大的，个人的事再大也是小的

15. ③Even the smallest matter of the state is of great importance, while the biggest matter of an individual is trivial.

16. 歇后语具有鲜明的民族特色，浓郁的生活气息，幽默风趣，耐人寻味，为广大群众所喜闻乐见。

16. The idiom has a distinct national characteristic, a rich sense of life, humor and wit, and is thought-provoking, making it popular among the general public.

17. 榜样具有良好的感染力。

17. A role model has a good infectious power.

18. 懒婆娘的裹脚 -- <又长又臭>。

18. The foot binding of a lazy wife -- <long and smelly>.

19. 赐子千金，不如赐子一艺。 —— 谚语

19. It is better to bestow a skill on a child than to give them a thousand ounces of gold. —— Proverb

20. 不著撰人名氏。录古今谚语及方言，标其原始。凡经史小学诸书，皆见援据。其采自说部者，并各注书名於其下。虽释常言，而考证颇近於古。然如释大夫称主，引《左传》及《国语》，而《周礼》以主得民之文反不见引，则录传而遗经。

20. The author is not named. It records ancient and modern proverbs and dialects, marking their origins. All books of classics, history, and minor learning are cited. The ones sourced from the "Talks" section are also annotated with the book titles below. Although it explains common sayings, the research is quite close to the ancient texts. However, for example, when explaining the title of a nobleman as the "master," it quotes from the "Zuo Zhuan" and "The Book of the Rites of the Zhou," but the text from the "Rites of Zhou" about the master gaining the people's support is not cited, showing that it records the classics but omits the texts.

21. 有的图书称之为“惯用语”，但所涉及的语言现象，却是“俚语”，如：背靠背、开夜车、乱弹琴、磨洋工、冤大头，等等。笔者以前在《俗语五千条》的前言中，曾用“熟语”来称呼描述性的俗语。熟语这一术语的定义，也不十分明确，有的辞典又把它当作高于俗语、成语的术语来使用，而它本身又跟“俗语”的读音近似，某些方言区甚至就是同音词，作为术语，自身有不足之处。再三斟酌，觉得不如用“俚语”来代替。

21. Some books refer to it as "colloquialisms," but the language phenomena involved are actually "slang," such as: back-to-back, all-nighters, fumbling about, loafing, pushover, and so on. In the preface to my book "Five Thousand Popular Sayings," I used the term "idioms" to describe descriptive proverbs. The definition of the term "idioms" is not very clear either; some dictionaries even use it as a term higher than slang and proverbs. Moreover, it is very similar in pronunciation to "slang," and in some dialect regions, it is even a homonym. As a term, it has its own shortcomings. After much consideration, I feel that it would be better to use the term "slang" instead.

22. 不当家不知柴米贵，不养子不知父母恩。 —— 谚语

22. "If you haven't managed a household, you don't know the value of firewood and rice; if you haven't raised a child, you don't know the kindness of your parents." — Proverb

23. 44知识需要反复探索，土地需要辛勤耕耘。（尼泊尔谚语）

23. Knowledge requires repeated exploration, and land requires hard work to cultivate. (Nepalese Proverb)

24. 楚霸王举鼎 － <力大无穷>

24. The Great King of Chu lifting the cauldron - <Infinite Strength>

25. 月里婴儿娘引坏。 —— 谚语

25. The mother of the child in the moon leads him astray. —— Proverb

26. 另据研究，蜘蛛的腿能感知20—50赫频率的声音，当天气转晴时昆虫易活动，飞行时发出的嗡嗡声，蜘蛛蛛很快就会发觉，所以便添丝织网，准备捕捉。这正是民间用“蜘蛛挂网，久雨必晴”谚语来观测天气晴雨的道理。

26. According to another study, the legs of spiders can perceive sounds with frequencies between 20 to 50 hertz. When the weather turns clear, insects are more active and their buzzing sounds while flying can be quickly detected by the spider. Therefore, the spider will spin a web to prepare for catching them. This is the reason why the folk谚 "When the spider weaves its web, a long rainy period will end with clear weather" is used to observe the weather.

27. 要知父母恩，怀里抱儿孙。 —— 谚语

27. To know the parents' love, hold your grandchildren in your arms. —— Proverb

28. ⑥拉完磨杀驴← →卸磨杀驴

28. ⑥ Kill the donkey after grinding the corn ← → Kill the donkey after unloading the corn

29. ◆一天不练手脚慢，两天不练丢一半，三天不练门外汉，四天不练瞪眼看。

29.◆ If you don't practice for a day, your skills become slow; if you don't practice for two days, you lose half of them; if you don't practice for three days, you become an outsider; if you don't practice for four days, you just stare in awe.

30. 歇后语，是我们中国人特有的智慧与趣味语言，也是民间爱用的一种语法。

30. The pun is a unique form of wisdom and humorous language that is characteristic of the Chinese people, and it is also a grammar that is commonly used in folk culture.

31. 俗语，也称常言，俗话，这三者应该是同义词。俗语一词，已经普遍用作语言学的术语；常言一词，带有文言的色彩；俗话一词，则有口语的气息。

31. The terms idiom, common saying, and folk saying should be synonyms. The term "idiom" has been widely used as a term in linguistics; "common saying" carries the color of classical Chinese; while "folk saying" has an oral tone.

32. 来自: 长征一号 (苏州)

32. From: Changzheng-1 (Suzhou)

33. ⑤鸡飞蛋打一场空← →鸡飞蛋打

33. ⑤ A vain attempt to chicken and egg ← → A vain attempt to chicken and egg

34. 这类歇后语，一般是引用常见的典故、寓言和神话传说等作比方。上述两例，只要知道项羽、曹操故事的，一般也能了然。

34. Such idioms generally use common anecdotes, fables, and myths as examples. In the above two examples, as long as one knows the stories of Xiang Yu and Cao Cao, it is usually easy to understand them.

35. 据观测，在我国许多地方。如见蜘蛛张网，阴雨天气将会转晴。如见蜘蛛收网，天气将转为阴雨。

35. Observations show that in many places across our country, if spiders are seen spinning their webs, it indicates that the overcast and rainy weather will clear up. Conversely, if spiders are seen retracting their webs, the weather is expected to turn overcast and rainy.

36. 老受夸奖的孩子，最容易放任自流。 —— 谚语

36. Children who are frequently praised are the easiest to let go. — Proverb

37. ⑤不敢越雷池一步（形象，精练，七字，俗语← →成语）

37. ⑤ Do not step beyond the forbidden zone (vivid, concise, seven-character, proverb← → idiom)

38. 遇有交叉兼类情况的，则归入其特点更为明显的一类。如

38. In cases of overlapping and mixed categories, they should be classified into the category with more distinct characteristics. For example,

39. 最早出现"歇后"这一名称的是在唐代。《旧唐书。郑綮列传》中就已提到过有所谓"郑五歇后体"（一种"歇后"体诗）。但它作为一种语言形式和语言表现，远在先秦时期就已出现了。如《战国策。楚策四》："亡羊而补牢，未为迟也。"意思是说，失了羊再去修补羊圈，还不算太晚。这是我们今天所看到的最早的歇后语。

39. The earliest mention of the term "歇后" appeared during the Tang Dynasty. The "Old Book of Tang: Biography of Zheng Qi" already mentioned the existence of the so-called "Zheng Wu Xiehou style" (a type of "Xiehou" poetry). However, as a form of language and linguistic expression, it had already emerged as early as the Warring States period. For example, in "The Strategies of the Warring States: The Strategies of the State of Chu, Volume Four": "It is not too late to mend the pen after the sheep has been lost." This means that it is not too late to repair the sheep pen after the sheep has been lost. This is the earliest "Xiehou" idiom that we see today.

40. 这一部分语句是描述性的，跟总结知识经验的谚语不同，而又无确定的术语，现在只是笼统地称为俗语，实在有必要把它跟谚语区别开来，给它一个确定的名称。

40. This part of the text is descriptive, different from the proverbs that summarize knowledge and experience, and lacks specific terminology. It is currently only vaguely referred to as colloquialisms. It is indeed necessary to distinguish it from proverbs and give it a specific name.

41. 以上各组例句，甲、乙意思相同，甲为俗语，乙为成语。俗语以形象为主体；成语以精练为特色。俗语多为完整的句子，长短不一，运用时可以变通；成语多为四个字的稳定结构，形式整齐。俗语流行于人民群众的口头上，文字上保持着通俗的特点；成语多用作书面语，文字上趋向典雅。从这一比较中，可以从主要方面作出界定：俗语是以形象为主体的通俗的口语，它的结构形式相对稳定，而在实际运用中可以灵活变通。

41. In the above groups of example sentences, the meanings of A and B are the same, with A being a colloquialism and B a proverb. Colloquialisms are characterized by their imagery, while proverbs are distinguished by their conciseness. Colloquialisms are often complete sentences of varying lengths, and can be flexible in use; proverbs generally consist of a stable four-character structure with a neat form. Colloquialisms are popular among the people and maintain the characteristics of being通俗 (popularity and simplicity in writing); proverbs are mostly used in written language and tend to be elegant in their writing. From this comparison, a distinction can be made mainly from the following aspects: Colloquialisms are popular oral expressions with imagery as the main feature, their structural form is relatively stable, and they can be flexible in actual use.

42. ◆不当家，不知柴米贵；不生子，不知父母恩。

42. ◆ He who does not manage a household does not know the value of firewood and rice; he who does not have children does not know the love of parents.

43. 弄堂里搬木头 － <直来直去>

43. Moving wood in the alley - <Straightforward>

44. 以身教者从，以言教者讼。

44. Those who teach by example are followed, while those who teach by words are contested.

45. 在家不避父母,出嫁不避丈夫,有病不避大夫。

45. Do not avoid one's parents at home, do not avoid one's husband when married, and do not avoid a doctor when sick.

46. ④鸡蛋碰石头← →以卵击石

46. ④ Egg meets stone ← → To strike at a stone with an egg

47. 一个巴掌打不响 -- <孤掌难鸣>；

47. A single palm cannot make a sound -- .

48. 歇后语是广大人民在生活实践中创造的一种特殊语言形式。它一般由两个部分构成，前半截是形象的比喻，象谜面，后半截是解释、说明，象谜底，十分自然贴切。

48. The idiom is a special language form created by the people through their life practices. It usually consists of two parts: the first part is a vivid metaphor, like a riddle's question, and the second part is the explanation or clarification, like the riddle's answer, which is very natural and fitting.

49. 教子光说好，后患少不了。 —— 谚语

49. If you only teach your child to be good, troubles will not be far behind. —— Proverb

50. ①板凳没焐热← →席不暇暖

50. ①The stool has not been warmed up ← → There is no time to warm the seat

51. 好人的榜样是看得见的哲理。

51. The philosophy that a good person sets an example that can be seen.

52. 我们有理由认为，这是当时流行在民间的俗语，是出于一般人民的生活经验。这类古代的歇后语，虽然很少见于文字记载，但在民间流传相信是不少的。如钱大昕《恒言录》所载："千里寄鹅毛，物轻人意重，复斋所载宋时谚也。"这类歇后语，直到今天还继续为人们所使用。

52. We have reason to believe that this was a popular folk saying at the time, arising from the general life experience of the people. Such ancient enigmatic sayings, although rarely seen in written records, are believed to have been numerous in the folk tradition. As recorded in Qian Daixin's "Records of Constant Sayings": "Sending a goose feather a thousand miles, the thing is light but the sentiment is heavy, a proverb from the Song Dynasty as recorded by Fu Zhai." These enigmatic sayings are still used by people today.

53. 这类歇后语，是利用同音字或近音字相谐，由原来的意义引申出所需要的另一个意义。这类歇后语，往往要转几个弯，才能领悟它的意思。因而也更饶有兴味。

53. This type of idiom makes use of homophones or near-sounding characters to harmonize, and it derives another meaning needed from the original meaning. This kind of idiom usually requires several twists and turns to understand its meaning, making it even more interesting.

54. 便宜没好货，好货不便宜。别人牵驴你拔橛子。兵败如山倒。兵来将挡，水来土掩。冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。病从口入，祸从口出。病急乱投医。不比不知道，一比吓一跳。不吃黄连，不知啥叫苦。不吃馒头争（蒸）口汽。不吃羊肉惹身臊。不打不相识。不打无把握之仗。不打无准备之仗。不当家不知柴米贵。

54. "You get what you pay for; good things are not cheap. If someone else is leading the donkey, you pull out the spike. Defeat comes like an avalanche. When the enemy comes, you meet them; when water comes, you cover it with earth. Ice is three feet thick, not just from one day's cold. Illness enters through the mouth, disaster comes from the mouth. When you're sick, you turn to any doctor. You don't know what bitterness is unless you taste it. You don't fight for the sake of steam from steamed buns. You don't provoke body odor by eating lamb. You can't get to know someone without fighting. You shouldn't fight without a chance of winning. You shouldn't fight without preparation. If you don't manage a household, you don't know the value of firewood and rice."

55. 空棺材出葬 － <目（木）中无人>

55. Burial with an Empty Coffin - <Eyes (wood) have no one>

56. 道虽近，不行不至；事虽小，不做不成。灯不拨不亮，理不辩不明。

56. The road is close, but it won't come if you don't walk; the matter is small, but it won't be accomplished if you don't do it. A lamp won't shine unless it's turned on, and a truth won't be clear unless it's argued.

57. 14日日行，不怕千万里；时时学，不怕千万卷。

57. On the 14th day of the lunar month, it does not matter a thousand miles; whenever you learn, it does not matter a thousand scrolls.