1. ● 烂泥巴糊不上壁。

1. ● Muddy sludge cannot cover up a wall.

2. 08、 田有四只角，全靠人来作。

2. 08, The field has four corners, all relying on people to shape.

3. ● 学无老少，能者为先。

3. ● Education knows no age; ability comes first.

4. 008 鱼靠水活，苗靠肥长。 油足灯亮，肥足苗壮。

4. 008 The fish thrives in water, and the seedlings grow with adequate nutrients. With sufficient oil, the lamp shines; with ample nutrients, the seedlings thrive.

5. 说的是水稻插秧时机的掌握。早禾栽植，大田气温低，禾苗返青慢，一两天内先后栽植并无多大区别。而晚稻栽植正值盛夏，万物生长迅速，前一个时辰栽的秧与后一个时辰插的秧也有明显区别，耽搁一天后，即使是同一丘田里，先后所插的秧颜色就绝然不同。况且，早稻收割与晚稻插秧几乎同时进行，号称“双抢”，抢收抢种，农人忙的屁股不粘地。所以，又有俗语说“插田如上阵，打禾如抢宝”“插田扮禾衔饭走”“双抢季节冇闲人”。醴陵人讲究“不插五一禾”“不插八一禾”，是总体上要求五月一日前将早稻插完，八月一日前将晚稻插完。所以还说“插田插到小满边，竹篙点火夜插田”。

5. It refers to the skill of timing the transplanting of rice. Early rice planting, with low temperatures in the large fields, and the seedlings take longer to green up, so there is little difference in planting them within one or two days. However, late rice planting is during the height of summer when everything grows rapidly, and there is a noticeable difference between seedlings planted in the first hour and those planted in the following hour. Delaying by a day, even within the same field, the color of the seedlings planted first and last would be completely different. Moreover, the harvesting of early rice and the transplanting of late rice are almost simultaneous, known as "double抢" (double rush), where farmers are busy harvesting and planting, with their buttocks barely touching the ground. Hence, there is also the saying "planting rice is like going into battle, harvesting rice is like snatching a treasure," "planting rice while carrying rice and walking," and "there is no idle person during the double抢 season." Liling people emphasize "not planting May 1st rice" and "not planting August 1st rice," which is a general requirement to complete the early rice planting before May 1st and the late rice planting before August 1st. Therefore, it is also said, "planting rice until the end of the Grain in the Ear period, and setting the bamboo pole to light the night-time rice planting."

6. ● 人老先从腿上多。

6. ● The older a person gets, the more problems they may have with their legs.

7. ● 打铁先要本身硬。

7. ● First, the blacksmith must make his own body strong.

8. 053 施肥一大片，不如一条线。

8. It's better to fertilize a long line than a large area.

9. 023 要想吃香的，离不了脏的。

9. 023 If you want to enjoy the delicious, you can't avoid the dirty.

10. 025 肥料不下，稻子不大。

10.025 No fertilizer, no big rice.

11. ● 人人是先生，人人是学生。

11. ● Everyone is a teacher, everyone is a student.

12. 050 底肥金，追肥银银，肥多不如巧上粪。

12. 050 The base fertilizer is gold, the topdressing fertilizer is silver, more fertilizer is not as good as applying it skillfully.

13. 052 千层万层，不如脚底一层。

13. "A thousand layers and ten thousand layers are not as good as one layer on the soles of one's feet."

14. 042 一年牛粪三年猛。

14. 042 One year of cow dung, three years of strength.

15. 60'S 氮肥以碳铵为主。年产化肥约200万吨(有效养分) 有机肥料与氮、磷肥配合施用，化肥所占比例约20%。

15. The 60's nitrogen fertilizer is mainly carbon-ammonium nitrate. The annual output of chemical fertilizers is about 2 million tons (effective nutrients). Organic fertilizers are used in combination with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, accounting for about 20% of the total fertilizers.

16. ● 莫笑跌交的开路先锋。

16. ● Do not laugh at the pioneering pathfinder who has stumbled.

17. ● 薄处先通，细处先断。

17. ● Begin by clearing the thin parts first, and then break the fine parts.

18. 039 沟泥、河泥、水杂草，都是省钱好料。

18.039 Silt, river mud, and water weeds are all cost-effective materials.

19. 50'S 主要生产氮肥，磷肥开始兴办。年产约8万吨(有效养分) 有机肥与氮肥配合施用，但氮肥所占比例不到10%。

19. The 1950s mainly produced nitrogen fertilizers, and the establishment of phosphate fertilizers began. The annual output was about 80,000 tons (effective nutrients) of organic fertilizers, which were used in combination with nitrogen fertilizers, but the proportion of nitrogen fertilizers was less than 10%.

20. 由国外少量引进。后期兴办两个小氮肥厂。主产硫铵。 几乎全部依靠有机肥。

20. A small number of imports were made from abroad. Later, two small nitrogen fertilizer factories were established. The main product was sulfuric acid ammonium. The production almost entirely relied on organic fertilizers.

21. 02、 行船防滩，作田防旱。

21. 02, Navigation prevention of shoals, farming prevention of drought.

22. 058 石灰是个宝，种田少不了。

22. Lime is a treasure, indispensable for farming.

23. 037 粪倒三遍，不打自烂。

23. If you turn the dung three times, it will rot without being beaten.

24. 90'S 化肥产量居世界第1位，年产约2千万吨(有效成分)。复混肥生产开始兴起。

24. In the 1990s, China's chemical fertilizer production ranked first in the world, with an annual output of about 200 million tons (effective ingredients). The production of compound fertilizers began to rise.

25. 复混肥生产：磷一铵1398万吨，磷二铵741万吨，硝酸磷肥77万吨，三元复合肥115万吨，混合肥3726万吨。(均为实物)

25. Compound fertilizer production: 1,398 million tons of monoammonium phosphate, 741 million tons of diammonium phosphate, 7.7 million tons of nitrophosphatic fertilizer, 11.5 million tons of triple superphosphate, and 37.26 million tons of mixed fertilizer. (All in physical terms)

26. 说的是水稻中耕的技巧，醴陵人称为勑田。秧苗下田，早禾过一周，晚稻三天，禾苗长出新根开始返青，就需要勑田。精耕细作讲究至少勑田两道。头道勑田的作用是踩死比禾苗活的快得多的野草。所以这田要勑得仔细，否则追下去得肥料就喂了野草。二道勑田要等到禾苗快长满垅时进行，此时的稻田因为终日水浸，缺肥少氧，新根往水面上生长，此时要及时踩沟，将向上的虚根踩断，禾垅中踩出沟来，降低水面，并及时补充肥料。二道勑田时，禾苗已经开始装苞，此时主要伴生杂草－－秕子已开始抽穗。若二道田勑得早，禾苗与秕子长得相差无几，我所学的第一个农业技术就是通过辨认秕草叶子中间微微发白的叶脉来区分并将秕子拔除。所以，这句俗语还有一种说法就是“头道缛田补兜，二道除秕踩沟”我们老家的冷浸水湴田勑起田来又有一番景象。那种深泥脚田里不时有泥潭，踏下去淹到齐腰也不奇怪。所以，我们头道勑田基本上是一只手拿一把备用秧以补缺苗，另一只手代替脚在禾苗周围缛草，抓到一把草就按到泥水里，再用脚踩进泥巴深处。一路勑下来，根本不必伸直腰站起来。而二道勑田时，禾苗已经长高，再用手去缛，禾叶就要划到脸上，所以只好用脚，况且也不必头道的精细。但是，虚空一脚，站立不稳，就会找一根勑田棍拄在手中以协助平衡。再头上戴一顶竹篾为骨，寮叶为身的斗笠，蓑衣，完全就是一幅斜风细雨不须归的架势了。

26. This is about the technique of weeding rice, which is called "Xiu Tian" (sow the field) by the Liling people. When the seedlings are planted in the field, after one week for early rice and three days for late rice, when the seedlings start to grow new roots and turn green, it is time to Xiu Tian. The meticulous farming requires at least two rounds of Xiu Tian. The first round of Xiu Tian is to trample down the weeds that grow faster than the rice seedlings. Therefore, it is necessary to Xiu Tian carefully, otherwise, the fertilizer that follows will feed the weeds. The second round of Xiu Tian should be carried out when the rice seedlings are almost full, as the rice field is submerged in water all day, lacks nutrients and oxygen, and the new roots grow towards the water surface. It is necessary to trample the ditches and break the upward hollow roots, create ditches in the rice ridges, lower the water level, and timely supplement the fertilizer. During the second round of Xiu Tian, the rice seedlings have started to form panicles, and the main accompanying weeds – barren seeds – have started to form spikes. If the second round of Xiu Tian is done early, the rice and barren seeds grow almost identically. The first agricultural technique I learned was to distinguish barren seeds by identifying the faintly whitish veins in the middle of the grass leaves and pull them out. Therefore, there is another saying, "The first Xiu Tian fills in the gaps, and the second Xiu Tian removes the barren seeds and tramples the ditches." The Xiu Tian of the cold and submerged paddy fields in our hometown is another scene. In those deep mud foot fields, it is not strange to have mud ponds every now and then, and it's not uncommon to be submerged to the waist when stepping on them. Therefore, our first round of Xiu Tian basically involves one hand holding a spare seedling to fill in the gaps, and the other hand replacing the feet to trample the weeds around the seedlings. When a handful of grass is caught, it is pressed into the mud water, and then stepped into the deep mud. After a while of Xiu Tian, there is no need to straighten up and stand. However, during the second round of Xiu Tian, the rice seedlings have grown taller, and if you try to trample them with your hands, the rice leaves will scratch your face. So, feet are used instead, and it doesn't need to be as meticulous as the first round. But, with an empty step, it's difficult to stand stable, so a Xiu Tian stick is found to support balance. Wearing a bamboo mat hat with the bamboo strips as the frame and the reed leaves as the body, along with a raincoat, it's just like the posture of someone who doesn't need to return in a squall.

27. ● 上路前先找好同伴。

27. ● Find a companion before setting out on the road.

28. 009 肥多禾壮，奶多儿壮。

28. 009 A fat and strong child, a lot of milk and strong offspring.

29. 032 扫集垃圾做肥料，生产卫生两全好。

29. 032 Collecting garbage to make fertilizer is a win-win situation for both hygiene and production.

30. 主要依靠化肥，秸杆还田增多。省间、城郊与边远农村间肥料施肥用量严重不平衡题号 谚 语

30. Mainly rely on chemical fertilizers, with an increase in straw returning to the fields. There is a serious imbalance in the amount of fertilizer used between provinces, urban outskirts, and remote rural areas. Issue Number Proverb

31. 044 见青就是粪。

31.044 Seeing green is like seeing manure.

32. ● 先睡心，后睡眼。

32. ● First calm your heart, then close your eyes.

33. 80'S 化肥产量居世界第2位，年产13千万吨(有效养分)。尿素与碳铵并重。磷肥主要是过磷酸钙和钙镁磷肥。 有机肥所占比例逐步下降。化肥投入比例开始超过有机肥。

33. China's chemical fertilizer production ranked second in the world in the 1980s, with an annual output of 130 million tons (effective nutrients). Urea and calcium ammonium nitrate were produced in equal amounts. Phosphatic fertilizers were mainly superphosphate and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizers. The proportion of organic fertilizers has been gradually decreasing. The proportion of chemical fertilizer investment has started to exceed that of organic fertilizers.

34. 035 闲土三年也肥沃，七年墙土赛草枯。

34. After three years of fallow, the land becomes fertile; after seven years, the wall soil is as barren as withered grass.

35. 012 一堆粪，一堆粮；一个粪蛋蛋，一碗米饭饭。

35. A heap of dung, a heap of grain; a single dung ball, a bowl of rice.

36. ● 养鸡养蚕，利有眼前。

36. ● Raising chickens and silkworms, the benefits are immediate.

37. 005 七十二行 农为首，百亩之田肥当先。

37. 005 The seventy-two trades, agriculture is at the forefront; among the fields, the one hundred mu is the most fertile.

38. ● 人爱己，先爱人。

38. ● To love oneself, one must first love others.

39. 030 肥料对你笑，看你找不找。

39. 030 Fertilizer is laughing at you, seeing if you can find it.

40. 045 沤青肥，无他巧，一层土，一层草。

40. 045 Bituminous fertilizer, no other trick, a layer of soil, a layer of grass.

41. 09、 种稻三年，不选就变。

41. 09, If you plant rice for three years without selecting, it will change.

42. 049 勤松土的甘蔗甜，勤施肥的芭蕉香。（傣族）

42.049 The sugarcane is sweet through diligent loosening of the soil, and the banana is fragrant through frequent fertilizing. (Deang)

43. 农耕劳动是繁重而枯燥的，一句“脸朝黄土背朝天”让一代又一代的农民在城里抬不起腰来，但是，农村绝对不缺乏想象力和创造力，看哪一句句俗语典故，本身就是一个个鲜活的故事。

43. Agricultural labor is arduous and monotonous, and the phrase "face down to the earth and back to the sky" has kept generations of farmers from holding their heads up in the city. However, the countryside is by no means lacking in imagination and creativity. Just look at those proverbs and allusions; they are each a vivid story in themselves.

44. 043 牛粪冷，马粪热，羊粪能得二年力。

44. 043 Cow dung is cold, horse dung is hot, and sheep dung can provide two years of fertility.

45. ● 人生开地间，劳动最为先。

45. ● In the realm of life, labor comes first.

46. 003 粪肥土，土肥苗。

46. 003 Fecal manure soil, fertile soil for seedlings.

47. 017 做买卖比本钱，种庄稼比上粪。

47. Trading is all about capital; farming is all about manure.

48. ● 七十二行，农为首。

48. ● The seventy-two trades, agriculture comes first.

49. (年进口化肥500~800万吨) 主要依靠化肥，复合肥投入比例增大。钾肥仍要依靠有机肥。叶面肥种类增多。

49. (Annual import of chemical fertilizers is between 5 to 8 million tons) Mainly relies on chemical fertilizers, with an increasing proportion of compound fertilizers. Potash fertilizers still depend on organic fertilizers. A wider variety of foliar fertilizers are available.

50. 若要田里功夫做得好，必须冬天犁得早，一来烂泥，二来死草。醴陵人把下田干农活称为做功夫，是非常讲究技术的。一丘田平整出来留一掌养田水，要求平整如镜。一则放水时利于全丘灌到，再则头禾秧短，插在高处容易晒死，插到水洼里又容易淹死，生长不一，抽穗就不会整齐。说是“犁田要深，耙田要平，锄头底下看收成”，又说“整田如绣花”，所以绝对是件细致活，而且本邑主张绿肥过冬，一冬红花草子养得绿油油，来年春上 一季犁将草翻入泥中，放水一泡，就是难得的肥料。不想种绿肥的就更是要隔年冬里就犁田起板，所谓“犁田过冬，虫死泥松”。否则等到哪种称为“马钉”的本地野草长成气候，晒不死浸不死，踩到泥里沤不死，就会落得“种谷落了泥，耕牛拉断犁”的后果了。整田至少要分三道工序，先是用犁翻坯、泡坯，再用横田铁耙将泥坯划烂，用竹木遛耙将泥浆耙平整，最后用木楼梯平平地拖过去，将浮泥压成一掌水平。耕整出来的田块静静的摆在田垄之间，根本就是一件艺术品上好的原坯，等着农人去绣作、雕刻。

50. To do a good job in the fields, it is necessary to plow early in winter, for one thing is to turn the mud, and the other is to deal with the dead grass. Liling people call the agricultural labor in the fields "doing work," which is very technical. After leveling a plot of land, they leave a palm-sized water reserve to cultivate the field, requiring it to be as smooth as a mirror. This is because it is more conducive to flooding the entire plot when watering, and also because the seedlings of the first crop are short, and they are easily killed by sunburn when planted at a high place, or easily drowned when planted in a pond, leading to uneven growth and ununiform spike formation. It is said, "Plow deep, harrow flat, and see the harvest beneath the hoe," and also, "tiling the field like embroidery," so it is definitely a meticulous job, and our district advocates the use of green manure over the winter. The red clover seeds are kept lush and green throughout the winter, and in the spring, a season of plowing turns the grass into the soil, lets it soak in water, and it becomes a rare kind of fertilizer. For those who do not want to grow green manure, it is even more necessary to plow and level the field in winter the year before. This is what is called "plowing through the winter, killing the pests and loosening the soil." Otherwise, if the local wild grass called "horse nail" grows to a certain size, it will not be killed by the sun or the water, or decomposed by stepping on it in the mud, leading to the consequence of "planting rice and falling into mud, and the plow being broken by the ox." The tiling of the field at least requires three processes. First, use the plow to turn and soak the soil, then use the horizontal field harrow to break up the soil, use bamboo or wooden rakes to level the mud paste, and finally drag it flatly with a wooden ladder to compress the floating mud into a level palm. The field plots cultivated and tilled quietly stand between the ridges, which is essentially a superior raw block of an art piece, waiting for farmers to embroidery and carve.

51. 013 春天比肥堆，秋天比谷堆。

51. 013 In spring, compare to manure piles; in autumn, compare to grain piles.

52. 062 要想吃香的，离不了做脏的。

52.062 If you want to enjoy the good things, you can't avoid doing the dirty work.

53. 040 挖塘泥、挑河泥，防旱防涝又积肥。

53. 040 Excavating pond mud, carrying river mud, it prevents drought and flooding while accumulating fertilizer.

54. 033 若要田里有，粪箕不离手。

54. 033 If there's to be anything in the field, the dung scoop should never leave your hand.

55. ● 上漆先去锈。

55. ● First remove rust before painting.