1. 我们不仅通过对比梳理找到差异性，我们还能找到相似性，如印度和巴西两个国家，虽然位于不同的大洲，但它们在许多方面具有相似性，利用对比归纳的方法，我们就能够将两个国家的主要的地理特征知识点梳理得一清二楚。

1. Not only can we find differences by comparing and sorting, but we can also discover similarities. For example, India and Brazil, though located in different continents, share similarities in many aspects. By using the method of comparison and induction, we can clearly organize the main geographical characteristics of the two countries.

2. 作者把决定物候现象的四个因素按照影响程度，由大到小，依次排列，纬度影响最大，经度次之，高下差异又次之，古今差异最次。另外，纬度和经度是在地球上位置的不同，第三个因素是同一个地点的高下差异，这三者都是空间因素，最后一个则是时间因素，从空间方面到时间方面又是一种排列顺序。这样安排使文章条理清晰。

2. The author arranges the four factors that determine the phenological phenomena in order of their impact, from the greatest to the smallest. Latitude has the greatest impact, followed by longitude, then differences in altitude, and the differences between ancient and modern times have the least impact. Additionally, latitude and longitude refer to different positions on the Earth, while the third factor is the differences in altitude at the same location. These three are all spatial factors, and the last one is a temporal factor. This arrangement presents a sequence from a spatial perspective to a temporal perspective, thus making the article well-organized and easy to follow.

3. 地理教材所涉及的内容具有范围广、信息多等特点，但是它对同一类型知识进行描述的角度和方法，具有很大的相似性和规律性。

3. The content involved in geography textbooks has characteristics such as a wide range and abundant information, but the perspectives and methods used to describe the same type of knowledge have a high degree of similarity and regularity.

4. 设题意图是让学生扩展运用所学到的物候学知识。

4. The purpose of setting the question is to enable students to extend and apply the knowledge of phenology they have learned.

5. 立春、立夏、立秋、立冬：“立”是即将开始的意思，表示春、夏、秋、冬四季即将来临。

5. Start of Spring, Start of Summer, Start of Autumn, Start of Winter: "Start" means about to begin, indicating that spring, summer, autumn, and winter are about to arrive.

6. 通过这个制作，我们可以更加清楚经线纬线的含义、经纬线之间的相互关系，以及经纬度在地球仪上的分布规律，将课本中的知识加以巩固。

6. Through this production, we can have a clearer understanding of the meanings of longitude and latitude lines, the mutual relationships between them, and the distribution laws of longitude and latitude on the globe, thereby reinforcing the knowledge from the textbook.

7. 5月21日是小满，俗话说：“小满大满江河满”，它反映了河流汛期与节气的关系。这一节气预示着我国的河流特别是南方河流开始进入汛期。

7. May 21st is the Grain in Ear (Xiaoman) solar term. As the saying goes, "Xiaoman and Damman, the rivers are full," which reflects the relationship between the flood season of rivers and the solar terms. This solar term heralds the beginning of the flood season for rivers in our country, especially in the southern regions.

8. 佳肴美味贵有节，每餐定时又定量。

8. Fine cuisine and delicious food are precious with moderation, with each meal being both timed and measured.

9. 早吃好，午吃饱，晚吃少。

9. Eat well in the morning, eat enough at noon, and eat less in the evening.

10. 不同的国家和地区的地理环境或地理要素之间存在着明显的差异性或相似性。我们就可以根据这一点，采用对比的方法进行学习，对比差异性，找到相似性。如我们在学习印度和巴西、日本和英国、我国的南方和北方、长江三角洲和珠江三角洲、非洲和南美洲等地时，就可采用这种方法。

10. There are significant differences or similarities among the geographical environments or elements of different countries and regions. We can use this as a basis for learning through comparison, identifying differences and finding similarities. For example, when studying India and Brazil, Japan and the United Kingdom, the south and north of our country, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta, Africa and South America, we can adopt this method.

11. 杏花开了，就好像大自然在传语要赶快耕地；桃花开了，又好像在暗示要赶快种谷子。布谷鸟开始唱歌，劳动人民懂得它在唱什么：“阿公阿婆，割麦插禾。”

11. The apricot blossoms have bloomed, as if nature is conveying a message to hurry up and plow the fields; the peach blossoms have opened, as if hinting that it's time to rush to plant grains. The cuckoo bird starts to sing, and the laboring people understand what it is singing: "Grandpa, Grandma, cut wheat and plant rice."

12. 早上吃好，中午吃饱。

12. Eat well in the morning, eat enough at noon.

13. 例：通过世界地理的学习我们知道，南极大陆一块特殊的大陆，这里的地理环境特征与众不同，烈风、暴雪、严寒是南极大陆最显著的气候特征，这里有世界上面积最大的大陆冰川，动植物种类稀少，有极昼极夜现象，还有美丽的极光……等等。而形成这些地域特征的最关键的因素就是由于南极大陆绝大部分位于南极圈以以南的高纬度地区，其他诸多的地理特征都与这一要素紧密相联。

13. Example: Through the study of world geography, we know that the Antarctic continent is a unique one. The geographical environment here has distinctive features, with strong winds, heavy snowfall, and extreme cold being the most prominent climatic characteristics of the Antarctic continent. It has the largest continent ice sheet in the world, a rare variety of plants and animals, and phenomena such as polar day and polar night, as well as beautiful polar auroras... etc. The most critical factor in forming these regional characteristics is that the vast majority of the Antarctic continent is located in the high-latitude region south of the Antarctic Circle, and many other geographical features are closely associated with this element.

14. 学会吃饭千顿香，切莫贪吃一顿伤。

14. Learning to eat a thousand meals is fragrant, never let a single greedy meal harm you.

15. 草木荣枯、候鸟去来等自然现象，古代劳动人民称它为物候；利用物候来研究农业生产的科学，就是物候学。

15. The phenomena of plants thriving and withering, the migration of migratory birds, etc., were called "phenology" by ancient laboring people; the science of using phenology to study agricultural production is known as phenology.

16. 主粮掺杂粮，蒸饭喷喷香。

16. Mixed grains for staple food, steamed rice emits a fragrant aroma.

17. 如何记得又快又准，是大家比较关心的事情。其实，克服遗忘、加强记忆的最好办法，就是重复，这也是由人的生理结构所决定的。当天学过的内容当天复习，一周至10天左右再复习一遍，两个月内再复习一遍，这对巩固记忆非常有效。同学们想一想，这是不是也正好和老师、学校安排的单元检测、期中或期末考试的周期是相吻合、相一致的。

17. How to remember quickly and accurately is a matter of great concern to everyone. In fact, the best way to overcome forgetting and strengthen memory is repetition, which is determined by the physiological structure of humans. Review what you have learned on the same day, and then review it again after about a week to 10 days, and then once more within two months. This is very effective for consolidating memory. Think about it, isn't this also in line with and consistent with the cycle of unit tests, midterm, or final exams arranged by teachers and schools?

18. 处暑：“处”是终止的意思，表示暑天结束，气温开始下降。

18. Chushu: "Chu" means "end," indicating that the hot summer is over, and the temperature begins to drop.

19. 我国现代物候学发展的推动者——竺可桢（张福春）

19. The Promoter of the Development of Modern Chinese Phenology - Zhu Kezhen (Zhang Fuchun)

20. 在学习中国政区图，记忆我国省区轮廓时，同学们可发挥自己的想象进行形象地记忆，把黑龙江形象地看成一只美丽的天鹅，广东像一头大象的头部，而台湾省又像一叶正在驶向祖国怀抱的小舟……等等，这样记忆的效果也是比较好的。

20. While studying the map of China's administrative divisions and memorizing the outlines of our provinces and autonomous regions, students can use their imagination to visualize and remember. They can picture Heilongjiang as a beautiful swan, Guangdong as the head of an elephant, and Taiwan Province as a small boat sailing towards the embrace of the motherland... and so on. This method of memorization also tends to be quite effective.

21. 举例的多少要按需要而定，可以举一个，也可以举两个甚至更多些。本文在多数情况下只举一个例子，为什么在说明经度差异对物候的影响时却举两个例子？

21. The number of examples to be given should be determined according to the need; it can be one, two, or even more. In most cases, this article only gives one example. Why does it give two examples when explaining the influence of longitude differences on phenology?

22. 晚饭少吃一口，肚里舒服一宿。

22. Eat less at dinner, and you'll feel comfortable in your stomach all night.

23. 同学们在学习地理时除了进行重复记忆、感观记忆之外，还可以充分地发挥自己的想象力和创造力，利用联想、理解增强记忆。

23. When learning geography, students can not only engage in rote memorization and sensory memory, but also fully utilize their imagination and creativity to enhance memory through association and understanding.

24. 例如描述一个国家或一个地区的气候特征，往往要从气温和降水两个方面来加以说明。而气温又包括着年平均气温、年温差和气温的分布等内容；降水主要是由年降水量、降水的时空分布所组成。

24. For instance, when describing the climatic characteristics of a country or region, it is often necessary to explain from two aspects: temperature and precipitation. Temperature includes average annual temperature, annual temperature range, and the distribution of temperature; precipitation mainly consists of annual precipitation and the spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation.

25. ②课文劈头一句：“立春过后，大地渐渐从沉睡中苏醒过来。”使人感到突兀不凡，一时摸不透它的作用。但是，只要细心推敲“苏醒”一词，就会略知端倪。紧接着读下去，就会发现课文以浓郁的抒情彩笔描绘了花草鸟虫等自然现象来展现“苏醒”的内涵。更为重要的是显现四季时序的更迭和特色：春天，“冰雪融化”“草木萌发”，繁花“次第开放”；夏天，“植物孕育果实”；秋天，“果实成熟”“叶子渐渐变黄”“簌簌地落下”；冬天，昆虫“销声匿迹”，到处“衰草连天”“风雪载途”。其中，“萌”字准确地反映了草木开始生长的状况；“次第”，贴切地表现了花开的次序，渲染了春天的气息；“渐渐”，确切地表达了叶子枯黄的过程；“簌簌”，摹拟风吹落叶的声音，使人感到秋天的肃杀；“载”，是充满的意思，恰当地描写了风雪飘落的程度。文章第一段就生动形象地勾勒出一幅充满诗情画意的“四季图”。这样开头，仿佛游离于题旨之外，其实不然。它既生动形象地说明花草鸟虫的变化规律和气候的密切关系，也出色地勾画了大自然景象的迷人色彩；既以多姿多彩的画面激起阅读的兴趣，也以生花妙笔给人以强烈的悬念，从而为下文说明大自然的语言做了充分的渲染和有力的铺垫。

25. ② The first sentence of the text says: "After the Start of Spring, the earth gradually awakens from its slumber." This sentence is abrupt and extraordinary, and its role is not immediately apparent. However, by carefully examining the word "awakens," one can catch a glimpse of its implications. As one continues to read, it becomes clear that the text uses richly expressive language to depict natural phenomena such as flowers, birds, and insects to illustrate the meaning of "awakening." More importantly, it vividly depicts the changing sequence and characteristics of the four seasons: in spring, "the ice and snow melt," "the plants sprout," and the flowers "bloom in turn"; in summer, "plants bear fruit"; in autumn, "fruit ripens," "leaves gradually turn yellow," and "they fall in a rustling sound"; in winter, insects "disappear," and everywhere there is a "sea of withered grass" and "snow and wind are on the way." Among them, the character "sprout" accurately reflects the state of plants beginning to grow; "in turn" aptly depicts the sequence of flower blooming, infusing the spring atmosphere; "gradually" precisely expresses the process of leaves turning yellow; "rustling" imitates the sound of leaves falling in the wind, making one feel the solemnity of autumn; "carry" means to be filled with, and it appropriately describes the extent of the falling snow and wind. The first paragraph of the article vividly sketches a poetic and picturesque "four-seasons picture." Such an opening may seem unrelated to the main theme, but in fact, it not only vividly describes the law of change in flowers, birds, and insects and their close relationship with the climate, but also wonderfully depicts the charming colors of the natural scenery; it not only arouses the interest of reading with its colorful images, but also creates a strong suspense with its eloquent and expressive language, thereby fully setting the stage and laying a solid foundation for the subsequent explanation of the language of nature.

26. 饭前一口汤，胜过良药方。

26. A sip of soup before a meal is better than the best medicine.

27. 种类繁多、数量巨大的地图是地理课区别于其他学科课程的突出特点，于是有人说，“没有地图就没有地理学”。只要掌握了正确的读图方法，培养良好用图习惯，形成基本的地理技能，你就已经掌握了学习地理课的最重要的工具。

27. The diversity and vast number of maps are a prominent feature that distinguishes geography courses from other academic subjects, and it is often said, "Without maps, there is no geography." As long as you master the correct methods of reading maps, cultivate good map-usage habits, and develop basic geographical skills, you have already acquired the most important tool for learning geography.

28. ①教材对于同类知识的论述角度具有相似性和规律性

28. ①The textbooks have similar perspectives and regularities in discussing knowledge of the same category.

29. （“次第”是什么意思？请用它造一个句子。）

29. What is the meaning of "次第"? Please use it to construct a sentence.

30. 梨 煤、石油 铁 面食 马车 滑冰

30. Pear Coal, Petroleum, Iron, Noodles, Carriage, Ice Skating

31. 小满：麦类等夏熟作物籽粒开始饱满，但尚未成熟。

31. Xiaoman: The grains of wheat and other summer crops begin to swell, but have not yet ripened.

32. 第二部分（第4～5段）说明物候观测对农业的重要性。

32. The second part (paragraphs 4-5) explains the importance of phenological observations to agriculture.

33. 冬至、夏至——是我国北方地区一年中正午太阳最低或最高的一天

33. The Winter Solstice and the Summer Solstice — these are the days when the sun reaches its lowest or highest point at noon in the northern regions of our country.

34. 除此之外，地理学还具有极强的实用性。地理与人们的生活密切相关，我们可以在生活中观察到许多有趣的地理现象，在生活中学到许多有用的地理知识；反过来，我们还可以运用所学的地理学理论指导我们的实践活动。

34. In addition to this, geography also possesses a strong practicality. Geography is closely related to people's lives, and we can observe many interesting geographical phenomena and learn a lot of useful geographical knowledge in our daily lives; conversely, we can also apply the geographical theories we have learned to guide our practical activities.