1. 200波尔多液或500——600倍65%可湿性代森锌粉溶液。利用粉锈宁,每亩施溶液35-100千克,防治荞麦叶部真菌和细菌危害。防治虫害可用40%乐果乳剂3000倍液防治3龄以前的粘蚴虫,采用90%敌百虫800倍,25%的溴氟菊酯4000倍液喷雾防治3龄以前的草地螟虫;采用90%敌百虫1000——2000倍液喷雾除治钩刺蛾幼虫,均有良好效果。

1. Use 200 Bordeaux mixture or 500-600 times the 65% wettable sulfur zinc powder solution. When using Fenhexamid, apply 35-100 kilograms of solution per acre to control fungal and bacterial infections on the leaves of buckwheat. To control pests, use a 40% dimethoate emulsion at a 3000-fold dilution to prevent the infestation of 3rd-instar nematodes. For controlling the larvae of grass cutworms before the 3rd instar, use a 90% dipterex at an 800-fold dilution, and a 25% deltamethrin at a 4000-fold dilution for spraying. For the control of hookworm larvae, use a 90% dipterex at a 1000-2000-fold dilution for spraying, which all show good effects.

2. 小麦是新石器时代的人类对其野生祖先进行驯化的产物，栽培历史已有1万年以上。中亚的广大地区，曾在史前原始社会居民点上发掘出许多残留的实物，其中包括野生和栽培的小麦小穗、籽粒，炭化麦粒、麦穗和麦粒在硬泥上的印痕。其后，从西亚、近东一带传入欧洲和非洲，并东向印度、阿富汗、中国传播。早在公元前7000-前6000年，在土耳其、伊朗、巴勒斯坦、伊拉克、叙利亚、以色列就已广泛栽培小麦；公元前6000年在巴基斯坦，公元前6000-前5000年在欧洲的希腊和西班牙，公元前5000-前4000年在前苏联的外高加索和土库曼，公元前4000年在非洲的埃及，公元前3000年在印度，公元前2000年在中国，都已先后种植小麦。中国的小麦是由黄河中游逐渐扩展到长江以南各地，并传入朝鲜、日本。公元15世纪至17世纪间，欧洲殖民者将小麦传播至南、北美洲；18世纪，小麦传播到大洋洲。

2. Wheat is the product of human domestication of its wild ancestors in the Neolithic Age, with a cultivation history of over 10,000 years. In the vast areas of Central Asia, many remains have been excavated from prehistoric settlements, including wild and cultivated wheat spikes, seeds, charred wheat grains, impressions of wheat spikes and grains on hard clay. Later, wheat was introduced to Europe and Africa from the Middle East, and it spread eastward to India, Afghanistan, and China. As early as 7000-6000 BC, wheat was extensively cultivated in Turkey, Iran, Palestine, Iraq, Syria, and Israel; in 6000 BC in Pakistan, from 6000-5000 BC in Greece and Spain in Europe, from 5000-4000 BC in the Transcaucasus and Turkmenistan of the former Soviet Union, in 4000 BC in Egypt of Africa, in 3000 BC in India, in 2000 BC in China, wheat had been planted in these areas one after another. Wheat in China has gradually expanded from the middle reaches of the Yellow River to various places south of the Yangtze River, and has been introduced to Korea and Japan. Between the 15th and 17th centuries AD, European colonizers spread wheat to South and North America; in the 18th century, wheat was spread to Oceania.

3. 七月不耙地，种麦干生气。，麦要壅，稻要空。

3. Not to till the land in July, sowing wheat will be in vain. Wheat needs manure, while rice needs to be thinned out.

4. 黑豆不识羞，五日开花结到秋。一季红薯半季粮。

4. Black soybeans don't know shame, they bloom and bear fruit for five days and continue until autumn. One season of sweet potatoes is half a season's grain.

5. 增施磷钾肥营养生长发育过程中需要磷、钾元素较多,施磷、钾肥可使植株健壮,提高碳水化合物的积累和转运速度,使籽粒饱满。磷、钾肥既可作基肥,也可作种肥或根外追肥。据李钦元研究,开花期根外追肥每亩喷施尿素09千克,比对照增产1632%，喷施磷酸二氢钾03千克,增产1942%。

5. The application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is needed for the growth and development process, as plants require a considerable amount of phosphorus and potassium elements. Applying phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can make the plants robust, enhance the accumulation and transport speed of carbohydrates, and result in plump seeds. Both phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can be used as base fertilizers, seed fertilizers, or foliar topdressings. According to the research of Li Qinyuan, foliar topdressing with 0.9 kg of urea per mu during the flowering stage increased the yield by 1632% compared to the control, and applying 0.3 kg of diammonium phosphate increased the yield by 1942%.

6. 黑苦芥的播种方法有条播、撒播和点播三种。在三种方式中,条播有利于提高播种质量,合理密植,有利于个体与群体的协调发展,提高荞麦产量。一般说撒播因撒籽不匀,出苗不整齐,通风透光不良,田间管理不方便,因而产量不高。而点播虽然播种质量高,但因太费工不利推行。不管那种方式播种,都要控制好播种量。一般苦养每亩05千克种子出苗15万株左右。因此,黑苦芥每亩播种量控制在4——6千克为宜。

6. The sowing methods of black mustard include drilling, broadcasting, and spot sowing. Among these three methods, drilling is beneficial for improving the quality of sowing, reasonable planting density, and the coordinated development of individuals and groups, which in turn increases the yield of buckwheat. Generally speaking, broadcasting results in uneven seed distribution, uneven seedling emergence, poor ventilation and lighting, and inconvenient field management, thus leading to low yield. Although spot sowing has a high sowing quality, it is too labor-intensive and therefore not conducive to widespread adoption. Regardless of the sowing method, it is important to control the amount of seed sown. On average, for bitter melon, about 15,000 seedlings can emerge from 0.5 kilograms of seeds per mu. Therefore, the sowing amount of black mustard should be controlled at 4 to 6 kilograms per mu.

7. 有关土地的俗语有很多，大家日常生活中都有听说过哪些呢

7. There are many proverbs related to land. Which ones have you heard in your daily life?

8. 一要质，二要量，田间选种不上当。一选二晒三浸种，出苗整齐少病虫。十成收粮，九成靠秧。

8. Quality first, quantity second, avoid fraud when selecting seeds in the field. First select, then dry, and then soak the seeds, ensuring even germination and fewer pests and diseases. Ten percent of the grain yield comes from the seeds, while ninety percent depends on the seedlings.

9. 小麦是小麦系植物的统称，是单子叶植物，是一种在世界各地广泛种植的禾本科植物，小麦的颖果是人类的主食之一，磨成面粉后可制作面包、馒头、饼干、面条等食物；发酵后可制成啤酒、酒精、白酒（如伏特加），或生质燃料。小麦富含淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪、矿物质、钙、铁、硫胺素、核黄素、烟酸、维生素A及维生素C等。

9. Wheat is a general term for wheat plants, which are monocotyledonous plants. It is a grass family plant that is widely cultivated around the world. The wheat kernel is one of the main staple foods for humans and can be made into bread, mantou (steamed buns), biscuits, noodles, and other foods after being ground into flour; it can also be fermented to produce beer, alcohol,白酒 (such as vodka), or biofuel. Wheat is rich in starch, protein, fat, minerals, calcium, iron, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin A, and vitamin C, among other nutrients.

10. 舍得盐，下得酱；舍得肥，谷子强。田里无神无鬼，全靠肥料土水。

10. Use salt sparingly, pour sauce generously; sparing fat, the grain will be strong. In the fields, there are no gods or ghosts, everything relies on fertilizer, soil, and water.

11. 适施种肥种肥的施用能满足黑苦芥生长初期对养分的需要,对促进黑苦芥根系发育、提高产量有重要作用。一般每亩用尿素5千克,过磷酸钙15千克作种肥。用尿素作种肥时不能与种子接触,以免烧苗。

11. The application of seed fertilizer can meet the nutrient needs of black mustard seedlings in the early growth stage and plays an important role in promoting the development of the root system and increasing yields. Generally, 5 kilograms of urea and 15 kilograms of superphosphate are used as seed fertilizer. When using urea as seed fertilizer, it should not come into contact with the seeds to avoid burning the seedlings.

12. 灌水黑苦芥是抗旱能力较弱,需水较多的作物。据研究,每形成1克干物质需要消耗363——646克水。在全生育期中,以开花灌浆期需水最多。我国春黑苦芥多种植在旱坡地,常年少雨或旱涝不匀,缺乏灌溉条件,生育依赖自然降水,对苦养产量影响很大。因此,在营养生长季节,除了利用自然降水外,荞麦开花期如遇干旱,应及时灌水以满足荞麦的需水要求。黑苦芥灌水采用沟灌、畦灌均可,但要轻灌、慢灌,以利于根群发育和增加结实率。在地势低洼和多雨的地方,要注意开沟,及时排水。

12. Black mustard is a crop with relatively weak drought resistance and higher water demand. According to research, it takes 363 to 646 grams of water to produce 1 gram of dry matter. During the whole growth period, the most water is needed during the flowering and grain-filling stage. In China, spring black mustard is often planted on dry slopes, where there is little rain or uneven distribution of drought and flood, and irrigation conditions are lacking. The growth depends on natural precipitation, which has a significant impact on the yield of mustard. Therefore, during the growth season, in addition to utilizing natural precipitation, irrigation should be carried out in a timely manner during the flowering period of buckwheat to meet its water requirements when drought occurs. Black mustard can be watered using both furrow irrigation and basin irrigation, but it should be light and slow to promote root development and increase the fruiting rate. In low-lying areas and places with abundant rainfall, attention should be paid to digging ditches and timely drainage.

13. 豆子棉花一条根，只要犁得深。棉地要深耕，浅了难扎根。

13. Beans and cotton grow from one root, as long as the plow is deep. Cotton fields need deep plowing; shallow soil makes it hard for roots to take hold.

14. 黑苦芥对土壤的适应性比较强,但适宜在土壤有机质丰富,结构良好,养分充足,保水力强,通气性良好的土壤上生长一般适宜的土壤酸度为pH6——7。荞麦根系弱,子叶大,顶土能力差,适宜的土壤及正确的耕作对黑苦芥的发芽山苗,生长发育具有重要作用。

14. Black mustard has a relatively strong adaptability to soil, but it generally grows well in soils that are rich in organic matter, have good structure, are abundant in nutrients, have strong water retention capacity, and good aeration. The generally suitable soil pH for it is between 6 and 7. Buckwheat has weak roots, large cotyledons, and poor ability to emerge from the soil. Suitable soil and correct farming practices are of great importance for the germination and seedling growth of black mustard.

15. 重施基肥基肥是荞麦的主要营养来源,一般应占总施肥量的50%——60%。黑苦芥多种植在边远的高寒山区和旱薄地上,农家有机肥一般满足不了黑苦芥基肥的需要,若结合一些无机肥作基肥,对提高黑苦芥产量大有好处。通常是农家肥配用过磷酸钙、钙镁磷肥、磷酸二铵、硝铵和尿素等。施用时期以播种前深耕时施入最理想,对提高肥料的利用率有利。

15. Re-applying Base Fertilizer: Base fertilizer is the main nutrient source for buckwheat, generally accounting for 50% to 60% of the total fertilizer application. Black mustard is mainly planted in remote high and cold mountainous areas and arid thin soils. Farmyard organic fertilizer usually does not meet the base fertilizer needs of black mustard. If some inorganic fertilizers are combined as base fertilizer, it can greatly benefit the increase in black mustard yield. Typically, farmyard manure is mixed with superphosphate, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, diammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, and urea, etc. The ideal time for applying the fertilizer is before sowing during deep plowing, which is beneficial to improving the utilization rate of the fertilizer.

16. 庄稼佬，冬无闲；今年拾下粪，明年好肥田。冬天攒下明年粪，莫待来年瞎胡混。

16. The farmer is busy all winter; this year gather the manure, and next year the fields will be fertile. Save the manure for next year's use, don't waste time fooling around when the time comes.

17. 会做田的做一丘，不会做田的满山丢好禾割好谷，衣食得丰足。

17. Those who can cultivate the fields do so in one plot, while those who cannot cultivate the fields scatter the good seed and reap the harvested grains all over the mountain, ensuring abundant food and clothing.

18. 深耕密植不上粪，枉费力气瞎胡混。量体裁衣，看禾施肥。

18. To plant densely without using fertilizer is a waste of effort and confusion. Tailor the clothing and fertilize according to the crops.

19. 肥满田，粮满仓，田里无肥仓里无粮。鱼靠水活，苗靠肥长。

19. The fields are full of lush crops, and the granaries are full of grain; there is no fertility in the fields and no grain in the granaries. Fish rely on water to survive, and seedlings rely on fertilizer to grow.

20. 棉花高粱要收得好，一步三棵苗。草夹苗，不长苗；苗夹苗，不结桃。

20. To harvest cotton and sorghum well, there should be three seedlings for every step. If there are weeds between the seedlings, they won't grow; if seedlings are intertwined, they won't bear fruit.

21. 拾驴屎，瞅上坡；拾牛屎，瞅草窝；拾人屎，背道角；拾狗屎，岔道豁。

21. Pick donkey dung, look up the slope; pick cow dung, look at the grass nest; pick human dung, go against the corner; pick dog dung, take a detour.

22. 见蔓不见瓜，必定拿车拉；见瓜不见蔓，只能挑几担。

22. If you see the vine but not the melon, you must definitely use a cart to carry it; if you see the melon but not the vine, you can only carry a few loads.

23. 浸种和拌种温汤浸种也有提高种子发芽力的作用。用35℃温水浸种15分钟效果良好;用4O℃温水浸种10分钟,能提早4天成熟。播种前用01%——05%的硼酸溶液或5%——10%的草木灰浸出液浸种,能获得良好的增产效果。用药剂拌种,是防治地下害虫和荞麦病害极有效的措施。用种子量03%——05%退菌特拌种,防治褐斑病。用种子重量03%——05%吡虫琳拌种,防治蝼蛄、蛴螬和金针虫等地下害虫。

23. Soaking seeds and mixing seeds with warm water can also enhance the germination power of seeds. Soaking seeds in 35℃ warm water for 15 minutes is effective; soaking seeds in 40℃ warm water for 10 minutes can accelerate the maturation by 4 days. Soaking seeds with a solution of 0.1% to 0.5% boric acid or an extract of 5% to 10% plant ash before sowing can achieve good yield-increasing effects. Using pesticides to mix with seeds is a highly effective measure for controlling soil-borne pests and buckwheat diseases. Mixing 0.3% to 0.5% of carbendazim with seeds can prevent brown spot disease. Mixing 0.3% to 0.5% imidacloprid with seeds can control subterranean pests such as mole crickets, cutworms, and wireworms.

24. 晒种晒种宜选择播种前7——10天的晴朗天气,将黑苦芥种子薄薄的摊在向阳干燥的地面席子上,从早上10时至16时连续晒2——3夭。当然,晒种时间应根据气温的高低而定。晒种时要不断翻动,使种子晒匀晒到,然后收装待种。

24. Sowing seeds should be done on sunny days 7-10 days before sowing. Spread the black mustard seeds thinly on the sun-facing and dry ground mats. Continue to expose them to the sun from 10 am to 4 pm for 2-3 days. Of course, the duration of sunning should be adjusted according to the temperature. During the sunning process, keep turning the seeds to ensure even exposure. After that, collect and store them for sowing.

25. 合理施肥技术黑苦芥生育期短,生长迅速,因此施肥应掌握以基肥为主,种肥为辅,有机肥为主,无机肥为辅,看苗追肥,增施磷、钾肥的原则。

25. The reasonable fertilization technique for black mustard has a short growth period and rapid growth, therefore, the principle of fertilization should be to mainly use base fertilizer, with seed fertilizer as a supplement, to mainly use organic fertilizer, with inorganic fertilizer as a supplement, to apply topdressing according to the plant condition, and to increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.

26. 看苗施肥通过适期追肥,弥补黑苦芥基肥和种肥的不足,满足黑苦芥正常生长发育的需要。追肥一般宜用尿素等速效化肥,用量一般以每亩5千克为宜。氮肥不宜施得过多过晚,以避免延迟开花结实和后期倒伏。据李钦元在云南永胜试验,以苗期追肥效果最好,比对照增产3021%,花期次之,比对照增产670%。

26. Fertilization according to the crop condition involves applying top dressing at the appropriate time to compensate for the insufficient basal and seed fertilization of black mustard, and to meet the normal growth and development needs of black mustard. Top dressing is generally recommended to use fast-acting chemical fertilizers such as urea, with an average dosage of 5 kilograms per mu. It is not advisable to apply too much nitrogen fertilizer too late, to avoid delaying flowering and fruit setting and late lodging. According to a test by Li Qinyuan in Yingsheng, Yunnan, the best effect of top dressing is during the seedling stage, with an increase of 3021% over the control, followed by the flowering stage, with an increase of 670% over the control.

27. 春播黑苦芥种植区耕地一般于11月中下旬至12月上中旬进行。耕行一般不进行耙耘,通过冬炕晒伐,干湿交融,利于土块破碎,待第二年春天再进行1——2次耕翻,即可播种。黑苦芥种子质量对全苗壮苗奠定丰产作用很大。黑苦芥种子处理主要有晒种、选种、浸种和药剂拌种等方法。

27. The land in the spring-sown black mustard seed planting areas is generally cultivated from the late November to the early December and from the mid to late December. The furrows are usually not tilled, and the soil is dried and softened by winter heating and sun exposure, which promotes soil fragmentation. Cultivation is then carried out 1 to 2 times in the spring of the following year before sowing. The quality of black mustard seeds plays a significant role in establishing a strong, healthy seedling population, which is crucial for high yields. The main methods of black mustard seed treatment include sun-drying, selection, soaking, and mixing with pesticides.

28. 早耕早种不怕旱，种地及时吃饱饭。春种迟一分，夏收少一文。

28. Early plowing and planting don't fear drought, timely sowing ensures a meal on the table. A minute delay in spring sowing means a bit less harvest in summer.

29. 黑苦芥整地,应于前茬作物收获后进行一次深耕。通过深耕土壤,增厚熟土层,提高土壤肥力,有利于蓄水保墒和防止土壤水分蒸发,促进黑苦芥发芽出苗。同时,可减轻病虫害对黑苦芥的危害。凉山州黑苦芥产区地处高海拔山区,山高、雾大、气温低。因此,前作收获后抓紧深耕20——25厘米,利用晚秋余热使植物秸秆根叶及早腐烂,促进土壤熟化。第二次整地应在播种前10——15天的春季进行,通过翻耕土地,疏松耕层平整土面,提高土壤温度,促进有同质分解和养分释放,为黑苦芥种子的发芽创造条件,有利于全苗壮苗,同时能最大限度地诱发和消灭杂草幼苗,强化土壤有益微生物的活动。

29. For black mustard, land preparation should be carried out once with deep plowing after the previous crop is harvested. By deep plowing the soil, the thickness of the fertile layer is increased, which improves soil fertility and is beneficial for water conservation and preventing soil moisture evaporation, thus promoting the germination and emergence of black mustard. At the same time, it can also reduce the damage caused by pests and diseases to black mustard. The black mustard production area in Liangshan Prefecture is located in high-altitude mountainous areas with high mountains, thick fog, and low temperatures. Therefore, after the previous crop is harvested, it is necessary to carry out deep plowing of 20-25 centimeters immediately to utilize the remaining heat of late autumn to decompose plant straw, roots, and leaves early, and to promote soil maturation. The second land preparation should be carried out 10-15 days before sowing in spring. By turning over the land, loosening the soil layer, and leveling the soil surface, soil temperature is increased, promoting the decomposition and nutrient release, creating conditions for the germination of black mustard seeds. This is conducive to the full and robust growth of seedlings, and can also maximize the induction and elimination of weed seedlings, strengthening the activity of beneficial microorganisms in the soil.

30. 山无衣，地无皮，人要饿肚皮，山上乱开荒，山下地皮光。

30. The mountain has no clothing, the earth has no skin, people are hungry, the mountain is in chaos with land being cleared, and the ground below is barren.

31. 麦黄了就要割，又怕起风又怕落谷子不进仓，不能算作粮。

31. The wheat should be harvested when it turns yellow, but one is also afraid of the wind and afraid that the grain will not be stored in the granary; it cannot be counted as food grain.

32. 选种选种的目的是剔除空粒、秕粒、破粒、草籽和杂质,选用大而饱满一致的种子,提高种子的发芽率和发芽势。其选种的方法有风选、水选、筛选、机选和粒选等。风选可借用扇车、簸箕等工具的风力,把轻重不同的种子分开,除去混在种子里的杂物和秕粒。筛选是利用机械原理,选择适当筛孔的筛子筛去小粒、秕粒和杂物。水选则是利用不同比重的溶液进行选种的方法,包括清水、泥水和盐水选种等。

32. The purpose of seed selection is to remove empty grains, chaff, broken grains, weed seeds, and impurities, and to choose large, full, and uniform seeds to improve the germination rate and germination vigor of the seeds. The methods of seed selection include wind selection, water selection, screening, machine selection, and grain selection, etc. Wind selection can utilize the wind power of tools such as fan carts and shovels to separate seeds of different weights, removing impurities and chaff mixed with the seeds. Screening is a method that uses mechanical principles to select a sieve with appropriate sieve holes to sieve out small grains, chaff, and impurities. Water selection is a method of seed selection using solutions of different specific gravities, including clear water, mud water, and salt water selection, etc.

33. 头道草，扯得勤；二道草，不劳神。锄草不除根，来春又发青。

33. The first crop, pull it often; the second crop, no need to worry. If you don't root out the weeds, they'll sprout green again in the spring.

34. 奶多孩儿胖，人多力量强；春积千担肥，秋收万斤粮。扫帚响，粪堆长；粪堆长，庄稼旺。

34. More milk means fatter children, more people mean stronger strength; in spring, save a thousand loads of manure, and in autumn, reap ten thousand catties of grain. The broom makes a sound, the dung heap grows long; the dung heap grows long, the crops thrive.

35. 合理密植构成黑苦芥产量的因素主要是单位面积株数、每株粒数和千粒重。只有建立合理的群体结构,使单位面积株数、每株粒数和千粒重协调发展,才能保证理想的产量。合理密植是实现黑苦芥合理群体结构的基础。黑苦芥留苗密度的适宜范围,应根据各地自然条件、土壤肥力、品种特点和栽培技术水平来确定。凉山的春、秋荞麦区在中等肥力的土壤下,黑苦芥留苗密度以每亩12万株为宜。据唐宇的试验,黑苦芥在每亩6——14万株密度范围内,增加密度,光合强度逐渐减弱,有效分枝数和千粒重下降,但光合物质向籽粒的分配比值增大,单株粒数和粒重增加,进而导致产量增加。密度超过每亩14万株,则由于经济性状变差而使产量大大下降。

35. The main factors affecting the yield of black mustard through rational planting density are the number of plants per unit area, the number of seeds per plant, and the thousand-grain weight. Only by establishing a rational population structure, allowing the number of plants per unit area, the number of seeds per plant, and the thousand-grain weight to develop in harmony, can an ideal yield be ensured. Rational planting density is the foundation for achieving a rational population structure of black mustard. The suitable range of seedling density for black mustard should be determined based on local natural conditions, soil fertility, variety characteristics, and cultivation techniques. In the spring and autumn buckwheat regions of Liangshan, with moderately fertile soil, the recommended seedling density for black mustard is 120,000 plants per mu. According to Tang Yu's experiment, within the density range of 60,000 to 140,000 plants per mu for black mustard, increasing the density gradually reduces the photosynthetic intensity, the number of effective branches, and the thousand-grain weight, but the ratio of photosynthetic substances allocated to seeds increases, the number of seeds per plant and the weight of seeds increase, which in turn leads to an increase in yield. However, when the density exceeds 140,000 plants per mu, the yield decreases significantly due to the deterioration of economic traits.

36. 中耕除草中耕在黑苦芥第一片真叶出现后进行。中耕有疏松土壤、增加土壤通透性、蓄水保墒、提高地温、促进幼苗生长的作用,也有除草增肥之效。中耕除草次数和时间根据地区、土壤、苗情及杂草多少而定,春养2——3次,夏、秋莽1——2次。西南春秋荞麦区气温低,湿度大,田间杂草多,中耕除提高土壤温度外,主要是铲除田间杂草和疏苗。一般在苗高7——10厘米时进行第一次中耕,结合间苗,疏去较密的细弱幼苗;第二次中耕除草可结合培土,把行间表土培在植株基部,促进植株不定根充分发育。

36. Tillage and weeding should be carried out after the first true leaf appears on the black mustard plant. Tillage has the effects of loosening the soil, improving soil permeability, retaining water and soil moisture, increasing soil temperature, and promoting seedling growth, as well as the effects of weeding and fertilization. The frequency and time of tillage and weeding depend on the region, soil conditions, seedling growth, and the amount of weeds. In spring, it is recommended to do 2-3 tillage and weeding sessions, and 1-2 sessions in summer and autumn. In the southwest荞麦 planting areas, where the temperature is low and humidity is high, there are many weeds in the fields. In addition to raising the soil temperature, the main purpose of tillage is to remove field weeds and thin out seedlings. Generally, the first tillage is done when the seedlings reach 7-10 cm in height, combining with thinning, to remove dense and weak seedlings; the second tillage and weeding can be combined with soil mulching, placing the surface soil between rows around the base of the plants to promote the full development of the plants' adventitious roots.

37. 地头地边没有草，庄稼少受虫虫咬。虫害除光，谷米满仓。

37. Without grass around the fields, the crops are less susceptible to insect attacks. Once the pests are eliminated, the granaries will be full of grains.

38. 村前村后走一圈，随手拈来都是肥。攒粪就靠零工夫，清晨傍晚别耽误。早起拾粪，收成加半。

38. Walk around the village front and back, and you can pick up heaps of manure. Collecting dung relies on the small bits of time, don't waste the early morning or evening. Early rise to gather dung, your harvest will increase by half.

39. 炎天火热锄棉花，雾露小雨锄芝麻。干锄绿豆潮锄瓜，不干不潮锄棉花。干锄棉花湿锄豆。

39. Under the hot summer sun, we hoe the cotton; with mist and drizzle, we hoe sesame seeds. Dry hoeing for mung beans, moist hoeing for melons; not dry, not moist, hoe cotton. Dry hoe cotton, wet hoe beans.

40. 病虫害防治黑苦芥的常见病害有轮纹病、褐斑病、白霉病、立枯病和荞麦籽实菌核病等。在黑苦芥的虫害中,为害最大的是粘虫、草地螟和钩刺蛾,它们危害荞麦的叶片、花及种子。严重时可以成片地把荞麦叶和花蕾吃光,种子被咬成空壳。黑苦芥病虫害的防治应以农田防治为主,辅助以药剂防治。在生产上应合理轮作,清洁田园,实行深耕,以减少病虫来源。同时,通过精耕细作,培育壮苗和加强田间管理以增强幼苗的抗病和抗虫性。防治荞麦轮纹病、褐斑病、白霉病、立枯病等病害可采用50千克种子加05千克40%五氯硝基苯粉拌种,或在苗期喷洒1:

40. Common diseases of black mustard (Brassica juncea) in pest and disease control include cercospora leaf spot, brown spot, white mold, stem rot, and black mustard seedling blight. Among the insect pests of black mustard, the most harmful are the armyworm, grass caterpillar, and hookworm, which damage the leaves, flowers, and seeds of buckwheat. In severe cases, they can completely eat the leaves and flower buds of buckwheat, and the seeds can be bitten into empty shells. The control of black mustard pests and diseases should focus on field control, supplemented by chemical control. In production, it is necessary to practice crop rotation reasonably, clean the fields, and implement deep plowing to reduce the source of pests and diseases. At the same time, through meticulous cultivation, cultivating strong seedlings, and strengthening field management to enhance the disease and pest resistance of seedlings. To control diseases such as cercospora leaf spot, brown spot, white mold, stem rot, etc., you can treat 50 kilograms of seeds with 0.5 kilograms of 40% pentachloronitrobenzene powder, or spray 1:

41. 锄头上有水，越锄越美；働头上有粪，越锄越嫩；锄头上有粮，越锄越强。

41. With water on the hoe, the more you till, the more beautiful it gets; with manure on the hoe, the more you till, the more tender it becomes; with grain on the hoe, the more you till, the stronger it grows.

42. 缺秧要补秧，补秧多打粮，多补一棵苗，多收一把粮。

42. If there are missing seedlings, they need to be supplemented. The more seedlings you supplement, the more grain you will harvest. The more seedlings you supplement, the more grain you will reap.

43. 见草锄草工夫到，才能保证收成好。寸草不生，五谷丰登。

43. Only when the weeding work for sawgrass is done thoroughly can one ensure a good harvest. Where no grass grows, there will be an abundant yield of five grains.

44. 播种是否适时,对黑苦芥主要经济性状和产量很大影响。播种早晚都会影响黑苦芥的产量。只有适时播种,才能克服不利因素,充分利用有利条件,使黑苦芥获得高产。黑苦芥性喜冷凉稍湿润的气候,苗期宜在温暖的气候中生长,而开花结实期宜在昼夜温差较大的凉爽天气中进行,生育期中高温干燥均不利于营养生长发育。由于各地的气候特点、种植制度不同,因此各地播种期不能要求一致,其原则:一是在终霜期前后4、5天,即冷尾暖头播种,早霜到来之前收获;二是开花结实期,处于当地阴雨天较多,空气相对湿度在80%——90%以内,温度在18——22℃的阶段,有利于黑苦芥的开花结实。凉山州地区的黑苦芥种植分春播和秋播,春播黑苦芥种植在海拔较高的1700、3000米高寒山区,该区无霜期短,气温低,一年一熟,适宜的播种期为4月上中旬至5月上旬;秋播黑苦芥则种植在海拔1500——2000米的二半山平坝地区,无霜期较长,气温也较高,其适宜的播种期则为8月上中旬。同一季节播种因海拔高度不同播种期也有差异,确定播种期的原则是“春养霜后种,秋养霜前收”。

44. Whether the sowing is timely has a significant impact on the main economic traits and yield of black mustard. The timing of sowing, whether early or late, can affect the yield of black mustard. Only by sowing at the right time can adverse factors be overcome and favorable conditions be fully utilized, leading to high yields of black mustard. Black mustard prefers a cool, slightly humid climate; during the seedling stage, it is best to grow in a warm climate, while the flowering and fruiting stage should be carried out in cool weather with a significant difference between day and night temperatures. High temperatures and dry conditions during the growth period are unfavorable for the nutritional and developmental growth of black mustard. Due to the different climatic characteristics and planting systems in various regions, the sowing dates cannot be the same everywhere. The principle is: first, sow 4-5 days before the final frost, that is, at the end of the cold and the beginning of the warm period, and harvest before the early frost arrives; second, during the flowering and fruiting period, when there are more rainy days locally, the relative humidity is within 80% to 90%, and the temperature is between 18 to 22°C, which is conducive to the flowering and fruiting of black mustard. In Liangshan Prefecture, the cultivation of black mustard is divided into spring sowing and autumn sowing. Spring-sown black mustard is planted in high-altitude cold mountainous areas at an altitude of 1700 to 3000 meters, where the frost-free period is short and the temperature is low, with a single harvest per year. The suitable sowing period is from the middle of April to the middle of May. Autumn-sown black mustard is planted in the semi-mountain flatlands at an altitude of 1500 to 2000 meters, where the frost-free period is longer and the temperature is higher, with a suitable sowing period from the middle of August to the middle of September. The sowing period can also vary within the same season due to differences in altitude. The principle for determining the sowing period is to "sow after the frost in spring and harvest before the frost in autumn."

45. 养麦田里不通风，芝麻地里牯牛通。干不死的豌豆，旱不死的荞麦。

45. The sorghum fields lack ventilation, while the sesame fields are frequented by bulls. The peas can't be killed by dryness, and the buckwheat can't be killed by drought.

46. 种田不用问，除了工夫就是粪。-猪肥膘壮，粪足苗旺。

46. Farming doesn't require asking, it's just about effort and manure. - Pigs get fat and thick, and seedlings thrive with plenty of manure.

47. 泥干百日为粪，粪干百日成泥。要得田头有，粪筐不离手。

47. After one hundred days, mud dries into manure; after another hundred days, manure dries into mud. If you want to have fertility at the field's edge, you must never let the dung basket out of your hand.

48. 肥料生来到处有，只怕懒汉不动手。挖不尽的土，积不完的肥。

48. Fertilizer is everywhere, but the lazy man won't lift a finger. The soil is endless, and the fertilizer is inexhaustible.

49. 年里施肥施根线，抵过年外施三遍。庄稼要好，底肥要饱。

49. Fertilize with root lines throughout the year, it's equivalent to applying three times outside the year. To have good crops, the base fertilizer needs to be abundant.

50. 人不吃饭要饿死，庄稼无肥要枯死。人勤地不懒，肥多菜不黄。

50. If people don't eat, they will starve to death; if crops don't receive fertilizer, they will wither. If people are diligent and the land is not lazy, abundant fertilizer ensures that vegetables don't turn yellow.