1. 椿树盘儿大，就把秧来下。

1. The peony tree is big, so let's plant the seedlings.

2. 破粪缸，不用甩，壅田多餐饭。

2. Don't throw away the dung pit, it will provide plenty of meals for the fields.

3. 粮食本是土中生，土肥才有好收成。

3. Grain originally grows from the earth, and fertile soil is necessary for a good harvest.

4. 处暑种高山，白露种平川，秋分种门外，寒露种河湾。

4. Plant high mountains during the period of "Chushu", flatlands during the "Bailu", outside the gate during the "Qiufen", and river bends during the "Hanlu".

5. 宁愿饿坏肚肠，不叫断了种粮。

5. It is better to starve in the belly than to let the seeds of grain be cut off.

6. 晚霜伤棉苗，早霜伤棉桃。

6. Late frost injures cotton seedlings, while early frost injures cotton bolls.

7. 吃了端午粽，还要冻三冻。

7. After eating the Dragon Boat Festival zongzi (sticky rice dumplings), one still needs to endure three more cold spells.

8. 农谚讲的是农业生产。广义的农业生产包括农、林、牧、副、渔五业，农之中还包括农作物、果蔬、蚕桑等，这些内容在农谚中都有。再说，农业生产离不开土壤、肥料、水分、温度以至于季节、气象、气候条件，这些方面在农谚中占有大量内容。农业生产又是由人在进行的，因此农谚中还有很多内容离不开人与人的关系，经营管理的经验等。解放前费洁心所收集的《中国农谚》，是由时令、气象、作物、饲养、箴言等五大部分组成的，虽然不很理想，但可以从这个分类中看出农谚内容的几个特点。据笔者对该书5953条农谚的统计。[1] 属于时令之部的为2961条，占全部的4045%；气象之部1556条，占2622%，作物之部1020条，占1718%；饲养之部251条，占423%；箴言之部707条，占1191%。从个分配的百分率可以看出两点：其一，气象与时令的农谚共占2/

8. The sayings of agriculture are about agricultural production. Broadly speaking, agricultural production includes the five industries of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline occupations, and fishery, and agriculture also includes crops, fruits and vegetables, mulberry and silkworm rearing, etc., which are all included in the agricultural sayings. Moreover, agricultural production cannot be separated from soil, fertilizers, water, temperature, as well as seasonal, meteorological, and climatic conditions, which occupy a large amount of content in the agricultural sayings. Agricultural production is also conducted by humans, so there are many contents in the agricultural sayings that cannot be separated from human relationships and management experiences. Before liberation, Fei Jiexin collected "Chinese Agricultural Sayings," which consists of five major parts: seasons, meteorology, crops, breeding, and proverbs. Although it is not very ideal, one can see several characteristics of the agricultural sayings from this classification. According to the author's statistics of 5,953 agricultural sayings in the book: [1] There are 2,961 sayings about seasons, accounting for 40.45% of the total; 1,556 sayings about meteorology, accounting for 26.22%; 1,020 sayings about crops, accounting for 17.18%; 251 sayings about breeding, accounting for 4.23%; and 707 sayings of proverbs, accounting for 11.91%. From the distribution percentage, two points can be observed: Firstly, the agricultural sayings about meteorology and seasons together account for 2/3 of the total.

9. 桃花落在尘土里，打麦打在泥浆里；桃花落在泥浆里，打麦打在尘土里。

9. Peach blossoms fall into the dust, wheat is threshed in the mud; peach blossoms fall into the mud, wheat is threshed in the dust.

10. 柳絮落地，棉花出世。

10. The willow catkins fall to the ground, and cotton comes into being.

11. 锅底无柴难烧饭，田里无粪难增产。

11. Without firewood under the pot, it's hard to cook rice; without manure in the field, it's hard to increase production.

12. 河底泛青苔，必有阵雨来；烟囱不出烟，一定阴雨天。

12. If there is green moss on the riverbed, a shower is sure to come; if the chimney does not emit smoke, it will definitely be a rainy and cloudy day.

13. 圩田好种，梅雨难过。

13. It's easy to grow paddy fields, but difficult to get through the plum rain season.

14. 种子不选好，满田长稗草。

14. If seeds are not chosen well, the entire field will be full of weeds.

15. 冬雪年丰，春雪无用。

15. In a year of abundant winter snow, spring snow is of no use.

16. 稻子墒大穗，粒粒滚滚圆。

16. The rice seedlings grow lush and tall, their grains are round and plump.

17. 榆挂钱，好种棉。榆钱鼓，种红薯。

17. Elm money, good for cotton planting. Elm coins are abundant, suitable for sweet potato planting.

18. 燕子来，种苋菜。

18. Swallows arrive, plant amaranth.

19. 麻饼豆，豆饼花，灶灰地灰种地瓜。

19. Mabingdou, Doubinghua, and zhao灰 di灰 zhong di shu瓜. (Note: This sentence appears to be a mixture of Chinese and non-standard language, and it is not entirely clear. "Mabingdou" and "Doubinghua" could be names or terms that are not commonly known in standard Chinese. "Zhao灰" and "di灰" seem to refer to ashes, and "zhong di shu瓜" could be interpreted as "planting sweet potatoes in the ashes." However, without more context, the translation remains somewhat speculative.)

20. 雨打黄梅头，四十五天无日头，雨打黄梅脚，车水车断黄牛脚。

20. Rain beats on the head of the Huangmei, forty-five days without a sunny day; rain beats on the feet of Huangmei, the water wheel breaks and the ox's feet are exhausted.

21. 土豆上灰好，块大质量高。

21. The potatoes with ash on them are good, with large pieces and high quality.

22. 包谷抓把粪，越长越来劲。

22. Hold a handful of manure, and the more you grow, the more spirited you become.

23. 如果我们把作物生产的全部过程分成几个环节，几乎每个环节都有一定的农谚。例如水稻从播种起，选用良种有“种好稻好，娘好囡好”等；培育壮秧有“秧好半年稻”等；插秧技术有“会插不会插，看你两只脚”，“早稻水上飘，晚稻插齐腰”等，施肥有“早稻泥下送，晚稻三遍壅”，“中间轻，两头重”等；田间管理有“处暑根头摸，一把烂泥一把谷”等等。拿水稻一项来说，浙江就有500条左右农谚。农民有了这些农谚，就好像现在有了技术指导手册一样，曾经起过很大的指导作用。特别是在一些老农民中都还保留有这种习惯。1959年我们在丽水县向一位老农了解当地播种粟的经验，他就举出“红粟头上一枚针，只怕浅来不怕深”的农谚，并且拿粟和芝麻相比，说：“芝麻头上两瓣叶，只怕深来不怕浅”的农谚，生动地说明了单子叶植物（如粟）和双子叶植物（如芝麻）对播种深度的不同要求。我们在平阳县总结当地种植龙爪稷（当地称粟）的经验时，农民又举出“稻倒收一半，麦倒没得看，粟倒一箩收箩半”的农谚，说明龙爪稷的特点是不怕倒伏。诸如此类的例子是不胜枚举的，足以证明农谚对指导农业生产起着很大的作用。

23. If we divide the entire process of crop production into several stages, almost every stage has its own agricultural proverb. For example, from the sowing of rice, there are sayings like "Plant good rice, have a good mother, have a good daughter"; for cultivating strong seedlings, there are sayings like "Good seedlings mean half a year of good rice"; for transplanting seedlings, there are sayings like "Whether you can transplant or not, it depends on your two feet", "Early rice floats on water, late rice is transplanted up to the waist"; for fertilization, there are sayings like "Early rice is sent under the mud, late rice is fertilized three times", "Light in the middle, heavy at both ends"; for field management, there are sayings like "Touch the root at the beginning of the heat, a handful of mud, a handful of rice" and so on. Taking rice as an example, there are about 500 agricultural proverbs in Zhejiang. With these proverbs, farmers have something like a technical guidance manual at hand, which once played a significant guiding role. Especially in some elderly farmers, this habit is still preserved. In 1959, when we were in Lishui County, we asked an elderly farmer about the local experience of sowing millet, and he quoted the proverb "A needle on the top of red millet, afraid of shallow, not afraid of deep", and compared millet with sesame seeds, saying "Two leaves on the top of sesame seeds, afraid of deep, not afraid of shallow", vividly illustrating the different requirements for sowing depth between monocotyledonous plants (such as millet) and dicotyledonous plants (such as sesame). When we summarized the local experience of planting millet (locally known as longzhuaji) in Pingyang County, the farmers also quoted the proverb "Rice falls and collects half, wheat falls and can't be seen, millet falls and collects a sack and a half", showing that millet is not afraid of lodging. There are countless examples like this, which are enough to prove that agricultural proverbs play a significant role in guiding agricultural production.

24. 一场冬雪一场财，一场春雪一场灾。

24. A winter snow brings wealth, while a spring snow brings disaster.

25. 肥是庄稼宝，施足又施巧。

25. Fattening is the treasure of the crops, apply it sufficiently and wisely.

26. 前面谈到农谚的特点之一是群众性和通俗性，似乎农谚的易晓易懂是不成问题的，事实并不尽然。由于农谚的地域性、概括性加上历史因素，有些情况已经时过境迁，有时要完全正确理解一句农谚倒不是一件简单的事。例如笔者在某次油菜丰产座谈会上，听到平湖县一位农民说到一句农谚：“冬至月中，香菜打一盅”，他表示不明确是什么意思要求大家解释。另一次，听到一位河南农民介绍孬地小麦克风农谚“参不落，只管种”，也是不明其意。对于农业科学工作者来说，具有现代的农业科学知识，理解农谚应该不成问题，可是也不尽然。如果不充分熟悉农谚的各种特点，很容易“以今套古”，理解得过了头。例如“小暑不见底，白露枉费心”，原是指单季晚稻排水烤田的，有的同志联系到水稻的群体结构，以为小暑不见底，指此时应该封行了，小暑不封行，到白露就太迟，叶面积系数太小，没有充分利用光能……这是过头之例。“千浇万浇，不及腊粪一浇”，原是强调腊肥重要的意思，可是有的同志偏偏理解这句农谚只主张施一次腊肥就够了，显然是没有从农谚的特点出发，理解过死了。我们在整理过程中，也曾发生自作聪明，把原来对的改成错的例子。如“三月清明你莫慌，二月清明早下秧”，在整理中把“三”“二”对调了一下，变成“二月清明你莫慌，三月清明早下秧”却反而弄错了。怎样正确理解农谚，据我们初步的体会，应该注意以下几点：

26. The text previously mentioned that one of the characteristics of folk agricultural sayings is its mass appeal and simplicity, as if the sayings are easy to understand. However, this is not entirely true. Due to the regionalism, generality, and historical factors associated with folk agricultural sayings, some situations have become obsolete, and it is not always easy to understand a saying correctly. For example, during a discussion on rapeseed abundant harvest, I heard a farmer from Pinghu County mention a folk saying, "On the Winter Solstice, when the moon is in the middle, coriander can only be harvested in a small amount." He expressed his confusion and requested an explanation from others. In another instance, a farmer from Henan introduced the folk saying of "don't plant wheat on bad land" and also couldn't understand its meaning. For agricultural scientists who have modern agricultural knowledge, understanding folk sayings should not be a problem, but this is not always the case. Without being fully familiar with the various characteristics of folk sayings, one can easily "apply the present to the past," and overinterpret the sayings. For example, the saying "without bottoming out during the Small Heat, in vain do you worry during the White Dew" originally referred to the draining of single-season late rice fields, but some people associated it with the population structure of rice, thinking that "not bottoming out during the Small Heat" meant it was time to close the rows, and not closing the rows during the Small Heat would be too late during the White Dew, resulting in a too small leaf area index and underutilization of light energy... This is an example of overinterpretation. The saying "thousand waterings, not as good as one application of the winter manure" originally emphasized the importance of winter manure, but some people misunderstood it to mean that only one application of winter manure is enough, which clearly did not take the characteristics of folk sayings into account and overinterpreted. During the compilation process, we also made the mistake of being too clever, changing something that was originally correct into something incorrect. For instance, the saying "do not be anxious in March Qingming, but plant seedlings early in February Qingming" was rearranged from "Three Qingming, do not be anxious" to "February Qingming, do not be anxious, plant seedlings early in March Qingming," which ended up being incorrect. According to our preliminary experience, to understand folk sayings correctly, one should pay attention to the following points:

27. 民间流传的有关物候知识的农谚：雨打清明节，干到夏至节。清明早，小满迟，谷雨种棉正适时。清明刮了坟头土，沥沥拉拉四十五。清明要晴，谷雨要淋。谷雨无雨，后来哭雨。清明晴，六畜兴；清明雨，损百果。谷雨有雨兆雨多，谷雨无雨水来迟。立夏不下，桑老麦罢。立夏东风到，麦子水里涝。立夏到小满，种啥也不晚。

27. Folk sayings about phenology knowledge passed down by the people: If it rains on Qingming Festival, it will be dry until the Summer Solstice. Early Qingming, late Xiaoman, planting cotton during Guyu is just right. If the Qingming wind blows the soil off the tombs, it will rain heavily for 45 days. If Qingming is sunny, Guyu should be soaked. If there's no rain on Guyu, people will weep for rain later. If Qingming is sunny, livestock thrive; if Qingming rains, fruits will suffer damage. If Guyu rains, it means there will be more rain; if Guyu doesn't rain, the rain will come late. If there's no rain on the Day of the Beginning of Summer, mulberry trees will wither and wheat will be over. If the east wind arrives on the Day of the Beginning of Summer, wheat will be waterlogged. From the Day of the Beginning of Summer to Xiaoman, it's not too late to plant anything.

28. 稻草还田，一年顶两年。

28. Returning straw to the field is equivalent to two years of work in one.

29. 立了秋，那里下雨那里收。

29. When the Autumn Equinox comes, where it rains, there is harvesting.

30. 四月不拿扇，急煞种田汉。

30. Without a fan in April, the farmer is in a hurry.

31. 年外不如年里，年里不如掩底。

31. It is better to be away from home during the year than during the New Year, and it is better to stay at home during the New Year than at the end of the year.

32. 春旱不算旱，秋旱减一半。

32. Not a drought in spring, half a drought in autumn.

33. 冻断麦根，挑断麻绳。

33. Break off the wheat root, sever the hemp rope.

34. 高割稻子深耖田，加上肥料收三年。

34. Reap the rice high and plow the fields deep, with fertilizer you can harvest for three years.

35. 这是农谚中应用得相当多的手法。农民喜欢用婉曲含蓄的话把本意烘托出来，例如“削断麦根，牵断磨心”，是说麦子需要勤中耕，中耕后可以增产，但他不用增产等明字眼，而说麦子加工，磨大量的麦粉时可能会把磨心都牵断了，这样烘托来说，以鼓励人们作好田间中耕工作。其他如“麦田舞龙灯，小麦同样生”是指小麦苗期镇压作用的；“小暑不见底，有谷没有米”是指不烤田会引起倒伏及秕谷的；“芝麻田三日晴，回家洗油瓶”是指天旱有利于芝麻丰收的；“立冬种豆一筷长，两粒豆子换一双”是警告不要失时播种的；“田头地角出黄金”是鼓励人们充分利用隙地种植各种作物的；“伤心割菜子，洒泪收芝麻”是指芝麻和油菜两种作物成熟时极易脱粒，遗失很多的。

35. This is a technique commonly used in rural proverbs. Farmers like to use implicit and subtle expressions to highlight their intended meaning. For example, "Cutting off wheat roots, pulling off the mill core" implies that wheat needs frequent tillage, and after tillage, it can increase yield. However, instead of using explicit words like "increase yield," they say that when processing wheat and grinding a large amount of wheat flour, the mill core might be pulled off. By using this metaphor, they encourage people to do a good job of field tillage. Other examples include: "Dancing dragon lanterns in wheat fields, wheat grows just as well" refers to the role of flattening during the seedling stage of wheat; "No bottom seen during the Minor Heat, there are grains but no rice" refers to the risk of lodging and shrunken grains if the field is not dried; "Three days of sunshine in sesame fields, go home to wash the oil bottle" indicates that drought is beneficial for a good sesame harvest; "Sow beans one chopstick long at the start of winter, two beans can exchange for a pair of chopsticks" is a warning against missing the right time for sowing; "Gold at the edges of the field" encourages people to make full use of unused spaces to plant various crops; "Heartbreaking to harvest rapeseed, shedding tears to collect sesame" refers to the fact that both sesame and rapeseed are easily shelled when ripe, resulting in a significant loss.

36. 春肥满筐，秋谷满仓。

36. In spring, the basket is full of manure; in autumn, the granary is full of grain.

37. 为便于口头背诵，省略是农谚的重要手法之一。以省去作主词用的名词为最多。例如：“千箩万箩，不如根头一箩”，这是指草子施灰肥的，省去草子和草木灰两个名词。“早瘟迟冻，不瘟不冻，霜降立冬”，是指油菜播种和毒素病、冻害的关系的，省去油菜播种四字。“天花不嫁自家婆”省玉米两字。也有省去动词的，如“冬至中，暖烘烘，冬至头，冻死牛”，是指冬至逢月中或逢月初之意。

37. Omission is one of the important techniques in folk sayings for ease of recitation by mouth. The most common type of omission involves omitting nouns used as the subject. For example, "Ten thousand bamboo baskets, not as good as one basket at the root," refers to the use of ash fertilizer for grass seeds, omitting the two nouns "grass seeds" and "ashes." "Early blight, late frost, neither blight nor frost, when frost descends and winter sets in," refers to the relationship between rapeseed sowing, disease, and frost damage, omitting the four characters "rapeseed sowing." "The smallpox disease does not marry its own mother-in-law" omits two characters for "maize." There are also instances where verbs are omitted, such as "The winter solstice, warm and cozy, the first day of the winter solstice, the cattle freeze to death," which means encountering the middle or the beginning of the moon during the winter solstice.

38. 饼肥麦子羊粪谷，大粪高粱长得粗。

38. Fertilizer made from cake, wheat, sheep dung, and grain yields coarse sorghum. The coarse sorghum grows robustly.

39. 杨树叶拍巴掌，遍地种高粱。

39. Yang tree leaves clap hands,高粱遍地种.

40. 小燕来，抽蒜薹；大雁来，拔棉柴。

40. When the young swallows come, peel the garlic sprouts; when the wild geese come, uproot the cotton stalks.

41. 桃花开、燕子来，准备谷种下田畈。

41. Peach blossoms open, swallows arrive, time to plant grain seeds in the fields.

42. 这也是农谚中常见的手法，往往用于强调某种措施或某一环节的重要性。例如强调油菜腊肥的重要说：“千浇万浇，不及腊粪一浇”；强调处暑前后稻子灌水的重要，就用“千车万车，不及处暑一车”；强调秧田施肥的重要，说：“会施施一丘，不会施施千丘，施千丘不如施一丘。”遇到这种铺张的农谚，就不可照字面直解，要认识它是文字夸张的手法。

42. This is also a common technique in agricultural proverbs, often used to emphasize the importance of a certain measure or a specific stage. For example, to emphasize the importance of rapeseed fertilizer during the winter, it is said, "A thousand浇 and ten thousand浇, are not as good as one浇 of wax manure"; to emphasize the importance of rice irrigation before and after the beginning of autumn, it is said, "A thousand carts and ten thousand carts are not as good as one cart at the beginning of autumn"; to emphasize the importance of fertilizing seedbeds, it is said, "If you apply fertilizer well to one plot, it is better than applying fertilizer to a thousand plots, and applying fertilizer to a thousand plots is not as good as applying it to one plot." When encountering such extravagant agricultural proverbs, one should not interpret them literally; instead, one should recognize that they are a form of textual exaggeration.

43. 是要注意注意农谚的省略手法 农谚由于口语的限制，常常需要简略，而且所略的往往是最重要的主词。这在特定地区特定条件下是不成问题的，可是对于收集、整理、注释者来说，数量一多，常常闹不清楚，或者张冠李戴，这就要我们要有较广泛的生物学的、农业的知识。

43. It is important to pay attention to the ellipsis technique used in folk sayings. Folk sayings often need to be concise due to the limitations of spoken language, and what is often omitted is usually the most important subject. This is not a problem under specific conditions in specific regions, but for collectors, organizers, and annotators, when the number is large, it often becomes confusing, or people may misattribute one to another. This requires us to have a broader knowledge of biology and agriculture.

44. 揪花开，谷出来。揪花开，麻出来。

44. Pull the flower apart, and the grain comes out. Pull the flower apart, and the hemp comes out.

45. 有的把两种作物的不同生物学特性放在一起对比。例如“麦粟燥，稻要泡；麦怕浸，稻怕晒”，“红粟田三日落，回家好换锅；芝麻田三日晴，回家洗油瓶”，“稻倒一半麦倒无”，“烂冬油菜旱冬麦”等；有的把同一种作物的不同技术要求加以对比，例如“早稻搭一搭，晚稻插到塥”，“早稻水上飘，晚稻插齐腰”等；有的把不同操作技术要求加以对比，如“清水下种，浑水插秧”，“冬至前犁金，冬至后犁铁”等。

45. Some compare the different biological characteristics of two crops. For example, "Wheat and millet are dried, rice needs to be soaked; wheat fears immersion, rice fears the sun," "The red millet field takes three days to fall, and it's good to change pots when you go home; the sesame field is sunny for three days, and it's time to wash the oil bottle when you go home," "Half of the rice falls, and the wheat falls without it," "Rotten winter rapeseed and dry winter wheat" etc.; some compare the different technical requirements of the same crop, such as "Early rice is tied up, late rice is planted on the slope," "Early rice floats on water, late rice is planted to the waist" etc.; some compare the different technical requirements of different operations, such as "Sowing with clear water, transplanting with muddy water," "Plow with gold before the Winter Solstice, plow with iron after the Winter Solstice" etc.

46. 农谚是劳动人民长期生产实践中积累起来的经验结晶，它对于农业生产必然起着一定的指导作用。特别是在封建社会中，劳动人民被剥夺了读书识字的权利，他们的经验主要靠“父诏其子，兄诏其弟”的口头相传方式流传和继承下来，农谚就是其中的一个方面。例如，在封建社会时期，还没有同代的温度计、湿度计等仪器，农民就拿多年生树木的生长状态作为预告农事季节的依据，因为多年生树木的生长在一定程度上反映了一定的客观气候条件，于是产生了“要知五谷，先看五木”的农谚。在指导播种期方面，有许多反映物候学的谚语，如“梨花白，种大豆”；“樟树落叶桃花红，白豆种子好出瓮”；以及“青蛙叫，落谷子”等等。更多的是根据二十四节气指出各种作物的适宜播种时期：如“白露早，寒露迟，秋分草子正当时”；“白露白，正好种荞麦”等。农民有了这些农谚就能掌握适时播种。另外如“立冬蚕豆小雪麦，一生一世赶勿着”；“十月种油，不够老婆搽头”等谚语，却是失败教训的总结，提醒人们要抓紧季节，不误农时。

46. Proverbs are the crystallization of experience accumulated over the long-term production practice of the laboring people, and they necessarily play a certain guiding role in agricultural production. Particularly in the feudal society, the laboring people were deprived of the right to read and write, and their experience was mainly passed down and inherited through the oral tradition of "the father instructing his son and the elder brother instructing his younger brother," and agricultural proverbs are one aspect of this. For example, during the feudal period, there were no thermometers or hygrometers of the same generation, so farmers used the growth state of perennial trees as a basis for predicting the agricultural season. Since the growth of perennial trees reflects certain objective climatic conditions to a certain extent, the agricultural proverb "To know the five grains, first look at the five trees" emerged. In terms of guiding the sowing period, there are many proverbs reflecting phenology, such as "When the pear blossoms white, plant soybeans"; "When camphor trees shed their leaves and peach blossoms turn red, white bean seeds germinate well"; and "When frogs croak, it's time to plant millet" and so on. More often than not, they are based on the 24 solar terms to indicate the suitable sowing periods for various crops: such as "Early in the White Dew, too late in the Cold Dew, the autumnal equinox is the best time for grass seeds"; "When the White Dew is white, it's a good time to plant buckwheat" and so on. With these proverbs, farmers can master the appropriate sowing time. Additionally, proverbs like "Sow broad beans at the start of Winter Solstice and wheat at the beginning of Snowy Dew, you can never catch up with them for a lifetime"; "Plant sesame in October, it's not enough for your wife to comb her hair" and others summarize the lessons of failure, reminding people to seize the season and not to miss the agricultural time.

47. 农谚流传相当久远，不少古书上已有记载。例如，现今流行的“秧好半年稻”，“麦要浇芽，菜要浇花”，“处暑根头白，农夫吃一赫”，“稻如莺色红，全得水来供”等农谚，见之于明末的《沈氏农书》：“寸麦不怕尺水，尺麦但怕寸水”，见之于明末的《天工开物》；“无灰不种麦”，“收麦如救火”见之于16世纪初的《便民图纂》；“六月不热，五谷不结”，“六月盖了被，田里不生米”等见之于14世纪初的《田家五行》；“若要麦，见三白”，“正月三白，田公笑赫赫”，见之于8世纪初唐朝的《朝野佥载》；“欲知五谷，但视五木”，“耕而不劳，不如作暴”，见之于6世纪的《齐民要术》。古书中引用的农谚，还往往冠以“谚云”或“古人云”字样，说明被引用的该句农谚起源更早，到底早在何时，就不一定都能在文献上找到。至少目前所知，有些农谚可以远溯至数千年前，如浙江农谚：“大树之下无丰草，大块之间无美苗”一句，同样见之于西汉（公元前1世纪桓宽的《盐铁论》轻重第

47. The folk sayings in agriculture have been流传 for a very long time, and many ancient books have recorded them. For example, the popular sayings today such as "With good seedlings, half a year's rice can be harvested," "Wheat needs to be watered when it sprouts, and vegetables need to be watered when they bloom," "The roots turn white at the beginning of autumn, and farmers eat a full meal," and "Rice turns red like the color of a nightingale, all thanks to water," are found in the "Shen's Agricultural Book" at the end of the Ming Dynasty: "A small amount of wheat does not fear a large amount of water, but a large amount of wheat fears a small amount of water," which is also found in the "The Compendium of the Artifices" at the end of the Ming Dynasty; "Without ash, do not plant wheat," "Harvesting wheat is like fighting a fire," are found in the "Convenient Illustrations" at the beginning of the 16th century; "If it is not hot in June, the five grains will not ripen," "If it is covered with a quilt in June, there will be no rice in the fields," are found in the "Five Elements of the Agricultural Family" at the beginning of the 14th century; "If you want wheat, you will see three white," "In January, there are three whites, and the field god laughs," are found in the "Records of the Court and the People" of the Tang Dynasty in the early 8th century; "To know the five grains, just look at the five trees," "To plow without toil is better than to work hard," are found in the "Qimin Yaoshu" in the 6th century. The folk sayings quoted in ancient books are often prefixed with "As the saying goes" or "As the ancients say," indicating that the origin of the quoted folk saying is even earlier, and it is not necessarily possible to find it in all documents. At least as far as is known today, some folk sayings can be traced back to thousands of years ago, such as the Zhejiang folk saying: "Under the big tree, there is no lush grass, and between big pieces, there are no beautiful seedlings," which is also found in the "Salt and Iron Discourse" by Huan Kuang in the Western Han Dynasty (1st century BC).

48. 伏里一天一暴，坐在家里收稻。

48. Fu Li harvests rice every day, sitting at home.

49. 枣儿塞住鼻窟窿，提着耧腿耩豆种。

49. Jujube seeds plug up the nostrils, holding the hoe legs to plant beans.

50. 樟树落叶桃花红，白豆种子好出瓮。

50. Camphor trees shed their leaves, peach blossoms turn red, and white soybean seeds are good for making jars.

51. 若要庄稼旺，适时把粪上。

51. To ensure a bountiful crop, apply manure at the right time.

52. 是农谚中屡见的表达手法。例如：“多掼掼，割稻饭；多抖抖，割稻酒”；“头耘堆堆平，二耘挖挖根，三耘捧捧圆”，“稻子黄恹恹，主人欠它豆饼钱”；“种种甘薯种种稻，一年两头好”；“玉米结婚，子子孙孙”；“麦岭狭窄窄，一亩还无半亩麦，麦甽宽荡荡，一亩抵当半亩用”；“立夏播种，摘来棉花胖朵朵，小满播种，摘来棉花瘪塌塌”；“白露白迷迷，秋分稻头齐”……等等都是。

52. This is a frequently seen expression in rural proverbs. For example: "The more you toss, the more rice you'll have; the more you shake, the more rice wine you'll have"; "The first plowing piles up flat, the second plowing digs up roots, the third plowing rounds them up"; "The rice is yellow and droopy, and the master owes it bean cake money"; "Plant sweet potatoes and plant rice, it's good twice a year"; "Corn gets married, and its descendants are endless"; "The wheat ridge is narrow, a mu (1/15th of a hectare) doesn't even have half a mu of wheat, but the wheat trough is wide, a mu can be used as half a mu"; "Sow seeds on the day of the Beginning of Summer, pick cotton balls that are plump; sow seeds on the day of the Grain in Ear, pick cotton balls that are flaccid"; "White Dews are white and hazy, the rice heads are even on the day of the Autumn Equinox"……and so on.

53. 农谚中常多借代手法，以局部代表全体，以具体代表抽象，这样就更其生动。例如“没有泥腿，饿死油嘴”，这里以“泥腿”代表劳动人民，以“油嘴”代表剥削者。又如“隔重山，多一担，隔条河，多一箩”，这是指异地换种可以增产，换种的距离、原则很难具体说明，农谚就用“一座山”、“一条河”来代表。

53. Proverbs often use metonymy, representing the whole with a part, and the concrete with the abstract, making them more vivid. For example, in the saying "Without muddy legs, one starves to death with an oily mouth," "muddy legs" represents the laboring people, and "oily mouth" represents the exploiters. Another example is "Over a high mountain, add one load; over a river, add one basket." This refers to the increase in yield through crop rotation in different places, and it is difficult to specifically explain the distance and principles of crop rotation. Therefore, the proverb uses "a mountain" and "a river" to represent it.

54. 从以上对农谚的句法和修辞方法的初步分析来看，可以体会到农谚不但内容丰富，切于实用，就是在表达内容的句法和修辞方法方面也有同样丰富的创造。这对我们以后如何总结农谚，分析农谚，创造新农谚无疑有很多启发。

54. From the preliminary analysis of the syntax and rhetorical methods of the agricultural proverbs above, it can be felt that agricultural proverbs are not only rich in content and practical, but also have the same richness in creation in terms of the syntax and rhetorical methods used to express their content. This undoubtedly offers many inspirations for us in the future on how to summarize agricultural proverbs, analyze them, and create new ones.

55. 庄户地里不要问，除了雨水就是粪。

55. Don't ask about the Zhuang households' land, except for rain, it's just manure.

56. 这是由于在放电条件下，空气中的氧气和氮气反应生成了氮的氧化物，氮的氧化物再经过一系列化学变化，最后生成易被农作物吸收的硝酸盐——即氮肥。

56. This is due to the fact that under discharge conditions, oxygen and nitrogen in the air react to form nitrogen oxides, which then undergo a series of chemical changes, finally producing nitrates that are easily absorbed by crops – that is, nitrogen fertilizers.

57. 费洁心所收的农谚，限于他个人的条件，共只5953条。建国以后，农业出版社以吕平为主，进行了有计划的全国农谚收集工作，共得10万余条，经过归并整理分类，共得31400余条，分成《中国农谚》上下两册出版。上册是农作物部分，包括大田作物、棉麻、果蔬、蚕桑、豆类、油料直至花卉为止，据笔者统计，共约16200余条；下册为总论及畜牧、渔业、林业等部分，总论包括土、肥、种、田间管理、水利及气象等，共约15200余条。又将该书上下两册按类分别统计结果，大体上同上述费洁心的统计结果类似。但所见的规律性更为明显。即全部农谚中，以气象农谚最占多数，共得7903条，占全部的2516%。其次就是水稻，共4573条，占全部的1456%；第三是麦类，共3596条，占全部的1145%。其余的分散到各种作物上，条数有多有少，都远不及稻麦那样多。稻麦及粟黍类农谚条数的比例，很像笔者对《古今图书集成》草木典谷部文献所作统计的结果，在《集成》中，也是以稻的文献量占首位，各种麦合起来居次位，粟黍又次之，三者所占比重超过其他任何的作物。[2] 文字记载量的比重同农民口头谚语的比重如此一致，是客观事物规律的如实反映。将果树和蔬菜类供不应求也只得1571条，占全部的500%。粮食方面，像玉米和甘薯是迟至明末才引进普及的。玉米很快积累起222条，当然比重不高，仅占070%；甘薯积累起366条，占116%。自古农桑衣食并举，棉花较之蚕桑是后起的，但推广极快，积累的农谚超过了蚕桑，棉花有1243条，占395%；蚕桑只355条，占113%，蚕桑的农谚不应这样少，其原因待查。农作物和畜牧这粮畜两条腿中，畜牧部分的农谚远少于作物，只有1433条，占全部的456%，这是中国农区食物结构的特点，农区人口增长的压力使得农区拿不出更多的土地饲养家畜。在家畜的农谚中，以猪最多，猪在南方是舍饲杂食，不需草场牧地。家畜农谚一个突出之点，是对家畜的鉴别农谚较多，且很生动有据，很像汉代以来的《相马经》、《相牛经》之类，只是句子短少而已。

57. The folk sayings collected by Fei Jiexin, limited by his personal conditions, amount to only 5,953. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Agricultural Publishing House, with Lü Ping as the main person in charge, carried out a planned national collection of folk sayings, totaling more than 100,000. After consolidation, sorting, and classification, a total of more than 31,400 were obtained, published in two volumes: "Chinese Folk Sayings" (Volume 1 and Volume 2). Volume 1 covers crops, including field crops, cotton and flax, fruits and vegetables, silkworm and mulberry, beans, oil crops, and flowers, with a total of about 16,200 according to the author's statistics; Volume 2 includes general discussions and parts on animal husbandry, fishery, forestry, etc. The general discussion includes soil, fertilizer, seeds, field management, water conservancy, and meteorology, with a total of about 15,200. The statistics of the two volumes of the book by category are roughly similar to the above-mentioned statistics by Fei Jiexin. However, the regularity is more obvious. Among all the folk sayings, meteorological sayings are the most numerous, with a total of 7,903, accounting for 2516% of the total; second is rice, with a total of 4,573, accounting for 1456% of the total; and third is wheat, with a total of 3,596, accounting for 1145% of the total. The rest are scattered among various crops, with varying numbers, all far fewer than rice and wheat. The proportion of folk sayings about rice, wheat, and millet is very similar to the author's statistics of the literature in the "Comprehensive Collection of Books from Ancient and Modern Times" in the section of grasses and grains. In the "Comprehensive Collection," the literature on rice is the most, followed by various types of wheat combined, and millet comes next, with the three accounting for a proportion exceeding that of any other crop. [2] The proportion of written records is so consistent with the proportion of farmers' oral sayings that it is a true reflection of the objective laws of things. The number of sayings about fruit trees and vegetables, which are in short supply, is only 1,571, accounting for 500% of the total. In terms of food crops, corn and sweet potatoes were introduced and popularized as late as the end of the Ming Dynasty. Corn accumulated 222 sayings, of course, with a low proportion, only 0.70%; sweet potatoes accumulated 366 sayings, accounting for 11.6%. Since ancient times, agriculture and silkworm breeding have been combined with clothing and food. Cotton, compared to silkworm breeding, is a later emergence, but it was spread rapidly, and the number of folk sayings accumulated exceeded that of silkworm breeding. There are 1,243 sayings about cotton, accounting for 395%; and only 355 sayings about silkworm breeding, accounting for 113%. The folk sayings about silkworm breeding should not be so few, and the reasons need to be investigated. In the two legs of grain crops and animal husbandry, the number of folk sayings about animal husbandry is far fewer than that of crops, with only 1,433, accounting for 456% of the total. This is a characteristic of the food structure in China's farming areas, and the pressure of population growth in farming areas does not allow for more land to be used to raise livestock. Among the folk sayings about livestock, pigs are the most numerous, as pigs in the south are kept in pens and fed a mixed diet, without the need for pastures and grazing land. A prominent point in the folk sayings about livestock is that there are many sayings about identifying livestock, which are very vivid and well-supported, similar to the "Manual of Horse Selection" and "Manual of Cow Selection" since the Han Dynasty, except that the sentences are shorter.

58. 农谚善用比喻，因而容易使人理解、接受。农谚中的比喻有两种，一种是明喻，一种是暗喻。以明喻较多，如“人无力，桂圆荔枝；地无力，河泥草子”，“熟土加生土，好比病人吃猪肚”，“冬雪是麦被，越压会越长”，“蚕豆盖层泥，好比三九盖棉衣”。暗喻如：“秧草起身，还要点心”，以点心隐指起身肥。不论明喻暗喻都是常用人的生活来相比，显得更加亲切易晓。

58. Folk sayings often use metaphors, making them easy to understand and accept. There are two types of metaphors in folk sayings: direct metaphors and indirect metaphors. Direct metaphors are more common, such as "When a person has no strength, he should eat longan and litchi; when the land has no strength, it needs river silt and grass seeds," "Mixed soil is like a patient eating pork tripe," "Winter snow is like a mulch for wheat, and the more it is compressed, the more it will grow," and "Covering broad bean seeds with soil is like wearing cotton clothes during the Triple Nine days." Indirect metaphors include, for example, "The seedlings are standing up, and they still need some snacks," where "snacks" subtly refers to gaining weight. Whether it is a direct or indirect metaphor, they are all compared to the everyday lives of ordinary people, making them more intimate and easy to understand.

59. 它产生于农业生产实践，又指导和服务于农业生产实践。不但在气象科学不发达的过去，对促进农业生产丰产丰收有重要意义，而且在科学种田较普及的今天，仍有现实意义。难怪农民伯伯十分在意它，乃至铭心不忘。

59. It arises from the practice of agricultural production and also guides and serves the practice of agricultural production. Not only was it of great significance in promoting abundant harvests in the past when meteorological science was not well developed, but it still has practical significance today when scientific farming is more widespread. It's no wonder that the old farmers attach great importance to it, even to the extent of never forgetting it.

60. 圩田隔夜是荒年。

60. The paddy fields left overnight are in a year of drought.

61. 谷三千，麦六十，高粱八百是好的。

61. Three thousand grains of rice, sixty of wheat, and eight hundred of sorghum are considered good.

62. 白地不下种，白水不栽秧。

62. On white land, no seeds are planted; on white water, no rice seedlings are transplanted.

63. 雷打立春节，惊蛰雨不歇；雷打惊蛰后，低地好种豆。

63. Thunder on the Winter Solstice, the thunderstorm doesn't stop on the day of the Awakening of Insects; if there's thunder after the Awakening of Insects, it's a good time to plant beans in low-lying areas.

64. 大抵是将物比拟作人，富有感染力。例如：“大豆耳聋，越锄越通”；实际是指大豆需要中耕，根系及根瘤才能生长良好。“麦子屁股痒，越圧越肯长”是指镇压促进了分蘖的。

64. Generally, it is a metaphor comparing objects to people, which is highly persuasive. For example, "Soybean's ear is deaf, the more it is tilled, the more it is clear"; this actually refers to the need for inter-row cultivation for soybeans to grow well, with the roots and root nodules developing properly. "Wheat's buttocks are itchy, the more it is pressed, the more willing it grows" refers to the promotion of tillering by pressing.

65. 反映了农业生产发展过程对自然条件的依赖性。不违农时，适时播种，是进行农业生产的先决条件，从原始的刀耕火种到现代化的机器耕种，农业技术起了多么大的变化，只有适时播种是不能任意改变的。为了正确掌握农时，几千年来劳动人民总结了丰富的经验，经受了足够的教训，因而以时令为中心的农谚竟占到40%左右。旱、涝、风、寒等自然灾害在小农经济的封建社会时期，更是无法克服的莫大威胁，因此企图掌握自然灾害规律的农谚也占到1/4。

65. Reflects the dependence of the process of agricultural production development on natural conditions. Not violating agricultural seasons and sowing at the right time is a prerequisite for agricultural production. From primitive slash-and-burn methods to modern machinery-based farming, agriculture has undergone tremendous changes. However, sowing at the right time is something that cannot be arbitrarily altered. In order to correctly grasp the timing of agricultural work, over the past few thousand years, the working people have summed up a wealth of experience and learned from enough lessons. Therefore, proverbs focusing on the changing seasons account for about 40% of the total. In the feudal society period of small-scale farming economy, natural disasters such as droughts, floods, winds, and colds were an insurmountable threat. Therefore, proverbs that attempt to grasp the laws of natural disasters also account for about a quarter.

66. 虹高日头低，明朝着蓑衣；虹低日头高，明日晒得背皮焦。

66. When the rainbow is high and the sun is low, it's a sign for rain in the morning, you'll need to wear your raincoat; when the rainbow is low and the sun is high, it's a sign for sunny weather tomorrow, and you'll get your back skin sunburnt.