1. 三思而行，行而再思。

1. Think twice before acting, and think again after acting.

2. 据 地质演变历史的考证，黄河是一条相对年青的河流。在距今115万年前的晚早更新世，流域内还只有一些互不连通的湖盆，各自形成独立的内陆水系。此后，随着 西部高原的抬升，河流侵蚀、夺袭，历经105万年的中更新世，各湖盆间逐渐连通，构成黄河水系的雏形。到距今10万至1万年间的晚更新世，黄河才逐步演变 成为从河源到入海口上下贯通的大河。

2. According to the research of geological evolution history, the Yellow River is a relatively young river. Before 1.15 million years ago during the late Early Pleistocene, there were only some disconnected lake basins within the basin, each forming an independent inland water system. Subsequently, with the uplifting of the western plateau, river erosion and avulsion occurred, and over a period of 1.05 million years during the Middle Pleistocene, the lake basins gradually connected, forming the prototype of the Yellow River system. It was not until the late Pleistocene, between 100,000 to 10,000 years ago, that the Yellow River gradually evolved into a large river that runs continuously from its source to the estuary.

3. 在历史上空前的民族大迁徙中，无数次的磨难，淬炼出坚忍刚毅的客家人。中原文明的圣火，在颠沛流离的迁徙中四处点燃；在漂泊苦难中熊熊燃烧。也许可以这样说，如果没有客家人背负中原文明辗转南迁，使古老的文明得以维系与延续，华夏文明就可能中断甚至覆灭。可见，客家人是华夏文明最古老的负载者，是古汉族的“活化石”。

3. In the unprecedented great migration of ethnic groups in history, countless hardships have tempered the Kejia people into tenacity and firmness. The sacred flame of the Central Plains civilization was ignited in all directions during the turbulent and migratory journey; it burned fiercely in the wanderings and sufferings. It might be said that without the Kejia people carrying the Central Plains civilization and migrating southward, ensuring the continuity and extension of the ancient civilization, the Chinese civilization might have been interrupted or even destroyed. It is evident that the Kejia people are the oldest carriers of the Chinese civilization, the "living fossil" of the ancient Han nationality.

4. 尚“简”崇“拙”，贬“奢”抑“侈”，长期以来不仅成为客家人固执的生活态度，而且发展成为他们持久、强劲的人生理念和审美时尚。如“岁时燕享不废，亦鲜兢于汰奢。

4. The pursuit of simplicity and admiration for rusticity, and the denunciation of extravagance and excess, have long been not only the tenacious life attitude of the客家人 (Kejia people), but have also developed into their enduring, strong life philosophy and aesthetic fashion. As the saying goes, "Even during festive seasons, they do not neglect the enjoyment of life, and are rarely competitive in the pursuit of extravagance."

5. 指点当年陈迹在，几人襟袖泪痕多。（邱道隆，上杭人，景泰间进士，江南道御史。

5. The traces of the past year are still here, and many tears have stained the sleeves of a few people. (Qiu Daolong, a native of Shanghang, a jinshi during the Jingtai period, and a censor of the Jiangnan Circuit.)

6. 学而不思则惘。

6. Without thinking, learning is in vain.

7. 中国 7000万人 印度尼西亚 120万人 马来西亚 125万人 泰国 60万人 新加坡 60万人 菲律宾 068 万人 越南 15万人 缅甸 55万人 柬埔寨 1万人 印度 25万人 老挝 05万人 沙特阿拉伯 022万人 日本 12万人 文莱 09万人 巴基斯坦 02万人 尼泊尔 024万人 斯里兰卡 0017万人 科威特 0017万人 朝鲜 01万人 韩国 2万人 土耳其 005万人 孟加拉国 005万人

7. China: 70 million people, Indonesia: 1.2 million people, Malaysia: 1.25 million people, Thailand: 0.6 million people, Singapore: 0.6 million people, Philippines: 0.68 million people, Vietnam: 0.15 million people, Myanmar: 0.55 million people, Cambodia: 0.1 million people, India: 0.25 million people, Laos: 0.05 million people, Saudi Arabia: 0.22 million people, Japan: 0.12 million people, Brunei: 0.09 million people, Pakistan: 0.02 million people, Nepal: 0.24 million people, Sri Lanka: 0.017 million people, Kuwait: 0.017 million people, North Korea: 0.01 million people, South Korea: 0.02 million people, Turkey: 0.05 million people, Bangladesh: 0.05 million people.

8. 所以，客家话并不是源自中国普通 话﹙汉语﹚的一个支流，而是一种「中国化」的语言；这就是为什麽今日客家话和中国 境内的北京普通话有无法沟通的差异。客家话和韩语有部分相似之处﹙这又是语言学家 及历史学家在客家话起源上的另一项难题的研究﹚，但在过去超过千年历史间，客家话 选择使用汉文字结果，不能像韩文进一步地发展，形成崭新的语言。

8. Therefore, Hakka dialect is not a branch of Chinese Mandarin (Chinese) but a "Sinicized" language; this is why there is an unbridgeable difference in communication between Hakka dialect and Beijing Mandarin in China today. Hakka dialect has some similarities with Korean (which is also a difficult problem for linguists and historians to study regarding the origin of Hakka dialect), but over a history of more than a thousand years, the choice of using Chinese characters by the Hakka dialect has resulted in it not being able to further develop like the Korean alphabet to form a new language.

9. “三江文化”及其代表人物。其一，赣江文化：主要是宋代文化，以赣南客家人聚居地形成的文化特色，其代表人物有客家人欧阳修、王安石等。其二，汀江文化：随着客家人南徙到福建汀州府，经历了元明清的战乱，形成了汀江文化的特色，其代表人物有李世熊、刘坊等。其三，梅江文化：明末清初，大批客家人南徙到嘉应州形成粤东客家大本营之一，成为文化之乡，孕育成梅江文化，它的代表人物有黄遵宪、丘逢甲等。

9. The "Three Rivers Culture" and its representative figures. First, Gan River Culture: mainly Song Dynasty culture, characterized by the cultural features formed in the settled areas of the Hakka people in southern Jiangxi, with representatives such as the Hakka scholar Ouyang Xiu and Wang Anshi. Second, Ting River Culture: With the southward migration of the Hakka people to Tingzhou Prefecture in Fujian, and experiencing the wars during the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, Ting River Culture took shape with its own characteristics, with representatives like Li Shixiong and Liu Fang. Third, Meijiang Culture: At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, a large number of Hakka people migrated south to Jiayingzhou, forming one of the main bases of the Hakka people in eastern Guangdong, becoming a land of culture, and giving birth to Meijiang Culture, with representatives such as Huang Zunxian and Qiu Fengjia.

10. 由于黄河的洪水挟带大量泥沙，进入下游平原地区后迅速沉积，主流在漫流区游荡，人 们开始筑堤防洪，行洪河道不断淤积抬高，成为高出两岸的“地上河”，在一定条件下就决溢泛滥，改走新道。黄河下游河道迁徙变化的剧烈程度，在世界上是独

10. Due to the Yellow River's floods carrying a large amount of silt, upon entering the plain areas downstream, it rapidly deposits. The mainstream wanders in the overflow area, prompting people to build embankments for flood control. The channels for flood discharge continuously silt up and rise, becoming "above-ground rivers" that are higher than both banks. Under certain conditions, they may break through and overflow, changing course to new paths. The degree of dramatic changes in the river channel migration downstream of the Yellow River is unique in the world.

11. 只有客家话「双」字读作 ㄙㄨㄥˊ，「庸」字读ㄧㄨㄥˊ，「从」字读作ㄘㄨㄥˊ，三字仍属同韵。 根据学者研究，客家话的整个语音系统的构成，是在宋代确立的。

11. Only the Hakka dialect pronounces the character '双' as ㄙㄨㄥˊ, the character '庸' as ㄧㄨㄥˊ, and the character '从' as ㄘㄨㄥˊ. These three characters still belong to the same rhyme. According to the research of scholars, the entire phonetic system of the Hakka dialect was established during the Song Dynasty.

12. 酒熟田家来赛社，晚晴渔舍乱堆蓑。半帘风月吟中趣，一剑功名水上波。

12. The wine is mature, the fields come to the festival, and the fishing huts are in disarray with the wet mats. Half-closed curtains, the moon and the wind in the poem, one sword of merit on the waves.

13. 未及成童，既为游子，比比皆是”（民国《大埔县志》）。这是很多客家人所经历的共同生活。

13. "Before reaching the age of childhood, one has already become a wanderer, and this is a common experience for many Hakka people" (from the "Da埔 County Records" during the Republic of China). This is a shared life experience that many Hakka people have gone through.

14. 以鲠直触忌，谪南雄知府）登北山 明进士 熊石儿何苦入尘网，山高可啸天。采芝时一得，弄日莫能先。

14. For being straightforward and offending the enmity, he was exiled to be the Prefect of Nanyong. (Deng Beishan, a graduate from the Northern Mountain, asked, "Why should Xiong Shier, a bright candidate for the imperial examination, enter the dusty net of the world? The mountain is high enough to howl to the sky. When gathering the mushrooms, I gain one; playing with the sun, I cannot surpass it."

15. 饶平腔︰「饶平」指的是潮州的饶平县，直接以其祖籍的地名为腔调名。

15. Raoping Qiang: "Raoping" refers to Raoping County in Chaozhou. The name of the tune is directly derived from the name of the hometown of its ancestors.

16. 纯客家县市有：梅江、梅县、大埔、蕉岭、平远、兴宁、五华、紫金、龙川、和平、连平、陆河、新丰、始兴、南雄。

16. Pure Hakka counties and cities include: Meijiang, Meixian, Dapu, Jiānlǐng, Píngyuǎn, Xīngníng, Wǔhuà, Zǐjīn, Lóngchuan, Hépíng, Liánpíng, Lùhé, Xīnfēng, Shǐxīng, Nányóng.

17. 中华文化光辉灿烂，源远流长，犹如一部规模宏大、气魄非凡的交响乐，而客家文化是其中扣人心弦的华彩乐段。过去，客家传统文化造就一批又一批客家优秀人才；今天，闪烁着人文理想光辉的客家文化，哺育新一代客家儿女茁壮成长。

17. The Chinese culture is splendid and profound, akin to a grand and magnificent symphony, with Hakka culture being the most captivating and enchanting section of it. In the past, Hakka traditional culture has nurtured generations of outstanding Hakka talents; today, the Hakka culture that shines with the brilliance of humanistic ideals is fostering the healthy growth of the new generation of Hakka children.

18. 乡土情结，灌注在中华传统文化之中；渗透在客家文化之中。 迁徙，背井离乡，翻山越岭，漂洋过海，念念不忘的是故乡的土地和亲人。

18. The sentiment of local attachment is infused in the traditional Chinese culture; it permeates the Hakka culture. Migration, leaving one's hometown, crossing mountains and rivers, sailing across the seas, the unforgettable is the land of the hometown and one's relatives.

19. 它直接从人民群众中产生，尽情抒写客家人的生产与生活、欢乐与忧愁，情深景真，质朴优美，为人民群众所喜爱。千百年来，客家山歌广泛而持久地在客家人聚居地流传，魅力常在，青春永葆，表现出强大的艺术生命力。

19. It directly arises from the masses, freely expressing the production and life, joy and sorrow of the Hakka people, with deep emotions and true scenes, simple and beautiful, beloved by the people. For thousands of years, Hakka mountain songs have been widely and persistently spread in the areas inhabited by the Hakka people, maintaining their charm and eternal youth, demonstrating a strong artistic vitality.

20. 从公元前21世纪夏朝开始，迄今4000多年的历史时期中，历代王朝在黄河流域建都的 时间延绵3000多年。中国历史上的“七大古都” ，在黄河流域和近邻地区的有安阳、西安、洛阳、开封四座。殷都(当时属黄河流域)遗存的大量甲骨文 ， 开创了中国文字记载的先河。西安(含咸阳)，自西周、秦、汉至隋、唐，先后有13个朝代建都，历史长达千年，是有名的“八水帝王都”。东周迁都洛阳以后， 东汉、魏、隋、唐、后梁、后周等朝代都曾在洛阳建都，历时也有900多年，被誉为“九朝古都”。位于黄河南岸的开封，古称汴梁，春秋时代魏惠王迁都大梁， 北宋又在此建都，先后历时约200多年。在相当长的历史时期 ，中国的政治、经济、文化中心一直在黄河流域。黄河中下游地区是全国科学技术和文学艺术发展 最早的地区。公元前2000年左右，流域内已出现青铜器，到商代青铜冶炼技术已达到相当高的水平，同时开始出现铁器冶炼，标志着生产力发展到一个新的阶 段。在洛阳出土的经过系列处理的铁锛、铁斧，表明中国开发铸铁柔化技术的时间要比欧洲各国早2000多年。中国古代的“四大发明”——造纸、活字印刷、指 南针、火药，都产生在黄河流域。从诗经到唐诗、宋词等大量文学经典 ，以及大量的文化典籍 ，也都产生在这里。北宋以后，全国的经济重心逐渐向南方转移 ，但是在中国政治、经济、文化发展的进程中，黄河流域及黄河下游平原地区仍处于重要地位。黄河流域悠久的历史，为中华民族留下了十分珍贵的遗产，留下了 无数名胜古迹，是我们民族的骄傲

20. Starting from the Xia Dynasty in the 21st century BC, over a period of more than 4,000 years, the successive dynasties have established their capitals in the Yellow River basin for more than 3,000 years. Among the "Seven Ancient Capitals" in Chinese history, four are located in the Yellow River basin and its neighboring areas: Anyang, Xi'an, Luoyang, and Kaifeng. The abundant oracle bones unearthed from the Yin Dynasty (then part of the Yellow River basin) heralded the beginning of China's written records. Xi'an (including Xianyang) has been the capital of 13 dynasties successively from the Western Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang dynasties, with a history of over a thousand years and is known as the "Capital of the Eight Water Emperors." After the Eastern Zhou moved the capital to Luoyang, the Eastern Han, Wei, Sui, Tang, Later Liang, and Later Zhou dynasties all established their capitals in Luoyang, with a history of over 900 years, and it is hailed as the "Capital of Nine Dynasties." Kaifeng, located on the southern bank of the Yellow River, was anciently known as Bianliang. During the Spring and Autumn period, King Hui of the State of Wei moved the capital to Daliang, and the Northern Song Dynasty also established its capital here, with a history of about 200 years. For a relatively long period of history, the center of politics, economy, and culture in China has been in the Yellow River basin. The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River were the earliest regions in the country for the development of science and technology and literature and art. Around 2000 BC, bronze objects appeared in the basin, and by the Shang Dynasty, the bronze smelting technology had reached a relatively high level, and iron smelting also began, marking the development of productive forces to a new stage. The iron adzes and axes unearthed in Luoyang, which have undergone a series of treatments, indicate that China developed the casting iron softening technology over 2,000 years earlier than European countries. The "Four Great Inventions" of ancient China - papermaking, movable type printing, the compass, and gunpowder - all originated in the Yellow River basin. From the Book of Songs to Tang poetry, Song ci, and numerous literary classics, as well as a large number of cultural classics, all emerged here. After the Northern Song Dynasty, the economic center of the country gradually shifted to the south, but in the process of the development of Chinese politics, economy, and culture, the Yellow River basin and the plain area downstream of the Yellow River still held an important position. The long history of the Yellow River basin has left China a very precious heritage, countless famous scenic spots and historical sites, which are the pride of our nation.

21. 它没有吴越的灵秀，没有中原的雄浑，也没有荆楚的浪漫，但却熔铸了民族文化的历史纵深感，凝炼了民族历史遗产的博大气派和精深气质。 浸染“乡土情结” “乡土情结”是中华传统文化的特征之 的客家文化 一，更是客家传统文化的一个显著特征。

21. It lacks the elegance of Wu and Yue, the grandeur of the Central Plains, and the romance of Jingchu, but it melts the historical depth of national culture, condenses the grandeur and profound temperament of the historical heritage of the nation. Infused with the "feeling for the hometown," the "feeling for the hometown" is one of the characteristics of Chinese traditional culture, and it is also a significant feature of Hakka traditional culture.

22. 思则睿，睿作圣。

22. Wisdom arises from contemplation, and contemplation leads to sainthood.

23. 反本追远的气质 客家人有强烈的祖先崇拜意识。

23. The temperament of tracing roots back to the ancestors - The Hakka people have a strong sense of ancestor worship.

24. （熊石儿，名兴麟，永定人。崇祯间进士，湖广巡按，监察御史。

24. Xiong Shier (Xiong Xinglin, a native of Yongding. He was a jinshi (imperial scholar) during the Zhengtong era, serving as the inspector general of Hubei and Guangdong, as well as an imperial censor.

25. 任泉州、赣州知府，广西经略，工部尚书。嘉熙间端明殿大学士。

25. Appointed as the Magistrate of Quanzhou and Ganzhou, the Military Governor of Guangxi, and the Minister of Works. During the Jiaxi era, he served as the Grand Academician of the Duanming Hall.

26. 像是诗经中「双」、「庸」、「从」三个字是韵的。而现在 的国语中，「双」是「ㄤ」韵，「庸」、「从」是「ㄥ」韵。

26. It seems that the characters "双", "庸", and "从" in the Book of Songs are rhyming. In modern Mandarin, "双" is rhyming with "ㄤ", while "庸" and "从" are rhyming with "ㄥ".

27. 非纯客家县市：儋县、澄迈、定安、临高、琼海、文昌、万宁、三亚等8个。

27. Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Dan County, Chengmai, Ding'an, Lingshan, Qionghai, Wenchang, Wanning, Sanya, etc., a total of 8.

28. 黄河，中国的第二大河。发源于青海高原巴颜喀拉山北麓约古宗列盆地，蜿蜒东流，穿越黄土高原及黄淮海大平原，注入渤海。干流全长5464公里，水面落差4480米。流域总面积795万平方公里(含内流区面积42万平方公里)。

28. The Yellow River, the second longest river in China. It originates from the northwestern foot of Bayan Har Mountains on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, in the Yiguzonglei Basin. It winds eastward, crosses the Loess Plateau and the Huanghuaihai Plain, and eventually empties into the Bohai Sea. The main stream of the river is 5,464 kilometers long with a water-level difference of 4,480 meters. The total area of the river basin is 7.95 million square kilometers (including the area of the internal drainage region, which is 420,000 square kilometers).

29. 有关客家的起源存在多种说法，主要的有客家中原说和客家土著说。客家中原说认为客家主体构成为来自中原的移民，而客家土著说则认为“客家共同体，是南迁汉人与闽粤赣三角地区的古越族移民混化以后产生的共同体，其主体是生活在这片土地上的古越族民系，而不仅仅是南迁流落于这一地区的中原人”。

29. There are various theories regarding the origin of the Hakka people, with the two main ones being the Central Plains theory and the Native Hakka theory. The Central Plains theory posits that the main composition of the Hakka people consists of immigrants from the Central Plains, whereas the Native Hakka theory maintains that "the Hakka community is a community formed after the integration of Han people who migrated south and ancient Yue immigrants from the Fujian-Guangdong-Guijiang triangle region. The main body of this community is the ancient Yue people who lived on this land, not just the Central Plains people who migrated and ended up in this area."

30. 以上列的82个国家，若把中国的台湾、香港、澳门单列，则为85个国家和地区。这是普遍认同的数字。但近年也有说90多个国家和地区，甚至一百有余。总人口有8千多万、一亿左右、12亿等不同数据。按上述数计算，应为8000万左右较为确切。但各有根据，具体数字尚难确定。

30. Among the 82 countries listed above, if we single out Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau of China, then the total becomes 85 countries and regions. This is a number generally accepted. However, in recent years, there have been claims of over 90 countries and regions, even more than 100. The total population has been given as over 80 million, around 100 million, or 1.2 billion, with different figures. Based on the above numbers, the figure of around 80 million seems more accurate. But each has its basis, and the specific number is still difficult to determine.

31. 据明朝 祝枝山编《正德兴宁县志》记载，宋谏议大夫、翰林学士、探花 罗孟郊童年时，在神光山南麓贵人峰的小庙里读书。常在池边习书，洗砚池中，其水尽黑。

31. According to the "Zhengde Xingning County Records" compiled by Zhu Zhishan of the Ming Dynasty, it is recorded that during his childhood, Luo Mengjiao, a former advisor to the Song Dynasty, an academian, and a top scholar in the imperial examinations, studied in a small temple located on the southern slope of Guiren Peak at the foot of Shengguang Mountain. He often practiced calligraphy by the pond, and the water in the ink-washing pool turned completely black.

32. 客家人尚简崇拙的审美意识，在客家妇女身上得到了典型的体现。“日暮女郎来打水，长裙赤脚鬓堆鸦”、“早出勤劳暮始还，任它风日冒云鬓。

32. The Hakka people's aesthetic consciousness of simplicity and appreciation for the unpolished is typified in Hakka women. "As the day fades, girls come to fetch water, wearing long skirts and bare feet, their hair adorned with crow's feet," "Early out and勤劳, returning at dusk, enduring wind and sun, braving the clouds on the hair."

33. 寺院宝塔耸苍吴，江上群峰排众青。沽酒自作太白醉，凭栏独向曲江斟。

33. The ancient pagoda of the temple stands majestically among the emerald peaks, while a group of mountains are arrayed in a multitude of greens on the riverbank. Drinking wine and becoming drunk like the great poet Tai Bai, I lean on the railing alone, pouring a drink for myself by the Qufang River.

34. 也就是说，现在 的客家话是由宋代至今，数百年来并未受到多大的变化。 客家话中，仍含有许多古代「雅言」的成分，甚至有些比现在的国语还要文雅。

34. That is to say, the Hakka dialect as it is today has not undergone significant changes since the Song Dynasty and up to the present day, over the course of several centuries. The Hakka dialect still contains many elements of ancient "elegant speech," and some of them are even more refined than the modern national language.

35. 缺少知识就无法思考，知识越多思路越多。

35. Without knowledge, there can be no thought; the more knowledge one has, the more ideas one can have.

36. 葫芦它是艺术品也是很好的远古文化传承的载体，是一门“易学”但却“难精的民间技艺，其作品大多出于民间艺人之手，由于他（她）们以历史题材为基础，全凭纯朴的感情与直觉的印象去创作，因此形成葫芦艺术浑厚、单纯、简洁、明快的。

36. The gourd is both an artwork and a great carrier of ancient cultural heritage. It is a branch of "Yi Xue" (easy learning) but a "difficult to master" folk art. Most of its works are created by folk artists, who base their work on historical themes and rely solely on pure emotions and intuitive impressions for creation. Therefore, the art of the gourd is characterized by its robustness, simplicity, clarity, and brightness.

37. 客家传统文化源远流长，犹如一棵枝青叶茂的参天大树。她挺拔的身姿，沐浴在南国温暖的阳光里；她发达的根系，深扎在中原、河洛的古老的土层中。这是一棵屹立于东方圣土的参天大树！这是一棵绿映五洲四海的参天大树！

37. Hakka traditional culture has a long and profound history, like a towering tree with lush green branches and leaves. With its dignified posture, it basks in the warm sunshine of the southern land; its vigorous roots are deeply embedded in the ancient soil layers of the Central Plains and the River Luo. This is a towering tree standing on the sacred land of the East! This is a towering tree whose greenery shines upon the five continents and the four seas!

38. 一个能思考的人，才是一个真正有力量的人。

38. Only a person who can think is truly powerful.

39. 有一个非常明显的事实就是：客家人不可能全部都来自河洛地区，黄遵宪所谓“来自河洛，由闽入粤”必然只是对其中一部分的概述，而不可能是指全体客家人。黄遵宪《梅水诗传·序》对嘉应州居民来源的描写，可能只是以他本人的家族迁徙史为基础。

39. A very obvious fact is that not all the Hakka people can have originated from the Heluo region. Huang Zunxian's所谓 “来自河洛，由闽入粤” (coming from Heluo and entering Guangdong via Fujian) must only be a summary of a part of them, and cannot refer to all the Hakka people. The description of the origin of the residents in Jiayingzhou in Huang Zunxian's "Introduction to the Biography of Mei Shui Po" may only be based on his own family's history of migration.

40. 思索，就是跟自己争论。

40. Contemplation is arguing with oneself.

41. 非纯客家县市：桃园、新竹、苗栗、南投、台中、屏东、嘉义、高雄、彰化、花莲、云林、台东、台北等13个。

41. Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Miaoli, Nantou, Taichung, Pingtung, Chiayi, Kaohsiung, Changhua, Hualien, Yunlin, Taitung, and Taipei, a total of 13.

42. 风流江左令何处，吊古吟诗谁解听。（邹应龙，宋庆元间进士第一，状元。

42. Where can the elegant breeze of the Jiang left command, and who can understand the listening of ancient times and poetry? (Zou Yinglong, the first scholar and the top scholar of the Jingshuan period of the Song Dynasty.)

43. 客家人是南迁汉族人在唐末至明中叶聚集于闽、粤、赣连结地区，经过与当地畲、瑶等土著居民融合而成的，具有有别于汉族其他民系的独特的方言、文化和特性的一个汉族民系。它以汉人为主体，同时包合经融合有客化的畲瑶等少数民族。客家民系是以汉人为主体的，其文化的主要特征及表现出继承中原汉族文化，所以应肯定为汉族的一个支系。但是这支民系不是纯汉族血统，其文化也不是纯中原汉文化，所以作为一个群体，其成员就应该包含相互融合，享有共同文化特征的不同民族的成员。因此，“客家”的说法是作为一个汉族民系的称谓，并非是一个种族的概念，而是文化的概念。

43. The Hakka people are a Han ethnic group that gathered in the Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi regions during the late Tang Dynasty to the mid-Ming Dynasty, and they were formed through integration with the local aboriginal peoples such as the She and Yao. They are a Han ethnic group with unique dialects, culture, and characteristics different from other Han ethnic groups. They are primarily Han Chinese, but also include ethnic minorities such as the She and Yao who have been assimilated. The Hakka ethnic group is mainly Han Chinese in composition, and its culture is mainly characterized by the inheritance of Central Plains Han culture, so it should be recognized as a branch of the Han nationality. However, this ethnic group is not purely Han in bloodline, and its culture is not purely Central Plains Han culture. Therefore, as a group, its members should include individuals from different ethnicities who have integrated and share common cultural characteristics. Therefore, the term "Hakka" is a designation for an ethnic group within the Han nationality, not a racial concept, but a cultural one.

44. 客家人，你究竟为什么这样犹如钢铁般坚强？这是因为你的心里怀着一块采自中原地层深处的传统文化的黑煤块——燃烧着人文理想的冲天烈焰——照亮了所有客家儿女前行的路。这冲天烈焰散发出来的热力，使神州大地温暖如春，使五洲四海温暖如春。

44. Kejia people, why are you so resolute as if you were made of iron and steel? It is because in your heart, there lies a piece of black coal, a fossil of traditional culture extracted from the deep strata of the Central Plains—this coal ignites the soaring flames of humanistic ideals, lighting the path forward for all Kejia descendants. The warmth emitted by this soaring flame makes the land of China feel like spring, and it warms the five continents and four seas like spring.

45. 早在6000多年前，流域内已开始出现农事活动。大约在4000多年前， 流域内形成了一些血缘氏族部落，其中以炎帝、黄帝两大部族最强大。后来，黄帝取得盟主地位，并融合其他部族，形成“华夏族”。后人把黄帝奉为中华民族的祖 先，在黄帝出生地河南省新郑市有黄帝宫，在陕西省黄陵县有黄帝陵，世界各地的炎黄子孙，都把黄河流域认作中华民族的摇篮，称黄河为“母亲河”，为“四渎之 宗”，视黄土地为自己的“根”。

45. As early as 6,000 years ago, agricultural activities began to emerge within the river basin. Around 4,000 years ago, some clans and tribes with common bloodlines formed within the river basin, among which the two powerful tribes of Emperor Yan and Emperor Huang were the most dominant. Later, Emperor Huang ascended to the position of leader, merging with other tribes, and forming the "Huaxia" people. Descendants thereafter revered Emperor Huang as the ancestor of the Chinese nation. There is the Emperor Huang Palace in Xinzheng City, Henan Province, where Emperor Huang was born, and the Emperor Huang Mausoleum in Huangling County, Shaanxi Province. People of the descendants of Emperor Yan and Emperor Huang from all over the world regard the Yellow River basin as the cradle of the Chinese nation, calling the Yellow River the "Mother River" and the "Supreme of the Four Holy Rivers." They consider the loess land as their "roots."

46. 陕南有不少从闽、粤、赣客家区返迁的客家人，有不少客家住区，人口20万，尚无法确定非纯客家县市。

46. Southern Shaanxi has a significant number of Hakka people returning from areas in Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi. There are many Hakka residential areas, with a population of 200,000, but it is still not possible to determine whether there are non-pure Hakka counties and cities.

47. 所以一个音节 便是客语的一个语言单位。

47. Therefore, a syllable is a linguistic unit in the Hakka language.

48. 中国境内由於幅员广大，民族众多，造成语言的异常复杂，大概可以分为「汉藏语 系」、「阿尔泰语系」、「南岛语系」、「南亚语系」及「印欧语系」五大语系。

48. Due to its vast territory and numerous ethnic groups, China has an exceptionally complex language landscape, which can be roughly divided into five major language families: the Sino-Tibetan language family, the Altaic language family, the Austronesian language family, the South Asian language family, and the Indo-European language family.

49. 前面提及，客家人的祖先，都是从中原来的；直至今日，客家社会仍然保持著中华 民族真正的传统文化，拥有最远古的中原的语言，我们仍然可以在客家话中找到很多的 古音。像是有些诗经、楚辞中的用韵，若是用现在的国语来念简直无法韵，但用客语念 起来却能分辨得十分清楚。

49. As mentioned earlier, the ancestors of the Hakka people all originated from the Central Plains. To this day, the Hakka society still maintains the true traditional culture of the Chinese nation, possessing the most ancient language of the Central Plains. We can still find many ancient sounds in the Hakka dialect. For instance, the rhymes used in some poems from the Book of Songs and the Chu Ci would be unrecognizable if read in modern Mandarin, but they can be clearly distinguished when recited in the Hakka language.

50. 如：“命长不怕家乡远”、“在家千日好，出门半朝难”、“树高千丈，叶落归根”、“在家不会迎宾客，出门方知少主人”、“只要人情好，食蕃薯汤也甘甜”……具有乡土气息的民间雕刻、绘画、民间工艺品和风味小吃，都浸染着浓浓的乡土情谊。 客家人！你无论从中原迁徙到东南阴霾不开的蛮荒之地，还是从故土迁徙到异邦的荆天棘地，你总是那么昂扬奋发，那么坚忍不拔，你的心中写着“成功”两个大字，你的心中找不到“失败”两字的影子。

50. For example: "Long life doesn't fear distant hometown," "Better to stay at home for a thousand days than to struggle abroad for half a day," "Trees may grow to ten thousand feet high, but their leaves always return to their roots," "You can't entertain guests at home, but you'll know you need a host when you go out," "As long as people are friendly, even sweet potato soup tastes sweet"… Folk carvings, paintings, handicrafts, and local snacks with a strong sense of locality are all steeped in deep hometown affection. Hakka people! Whether you migrate from the Central Plains to the dark and misty barren land in the southeast, or from your ancestral land to the thorny and thorny foreign lands, you always remain resolute and unyielding. The word "success" is written in your heart, and the shadow of "failure" cannot be found.

51. 少长服饰尚新，未尝流乎侈潜”、“质直好俭，不务浮靡”、“民性质直，气习劲毅”；再如“冠婚丧祭尚俭，居服饮食器用不求华侈”、“民善治生有勤俭风，士知务学无浮靡习”；又如“齐民居不求华，服不求侈，饮食不求异，器用不求奇。”在客家地区，从日常的饮食起居，到年节岁时，大到民居建筑，小到衣着物用，无不流露出这种崇拙尚简的风骨。

51. Young and old alike favor new attire, never succumbing to extravagance; they are straightforward and thrifty, not pursuing vanities; the people are straightforward and strong-willed. For example, "In terms of coronation, marriage, funerals, and sacrifices, frugality is emphasized, and in daily living, clothing, food, and utensils do not seek luxury." The people are good at making a living with a spirit of diligence and thrift, and scholars know to focus on studying without indulging in vanities. Another example is "The people of Qi do not seek luxury in their homes, do not seek extravagance in their attire, do not seek difference in their food and drink, and do not seek uniqueness in their utensils." In the Hakka region, from daily diet and living to the festivals and seasons, and from the grandeur of residential architecture to the clothing and items used, there is an evident spirit of valuing simplicity and modesty.

52. 香港与澳门的客家杂居各处，并且占了当地居民相当的比例。

52. The Hakka people in Hong Kong and Macau are scattered throughout various places, and they make up a considerable proportion of the local residents.

53. 江运贵先生认为，客家人的发源地在於中原，黄河以北的古代胡人的聚集地区，而 客家话在起源上可能和原始阿尔泰民族的「通古斯语」﹙原始的阿尔泰语是已经灭绝的 语言；土耳其语、蒙古语、及通古斯语是很晚以后的、改变很多的分支。﹚有关，也可 能是在华夏中原诞生演进，为华北最古老语言之一。

53. Mr. Jiang YunGui believes that the origin of the Hakka people lies in the Central Plains, an ancient region inhabited by the ancient Huns north of the Yellow River. The Hakka dialect may be related to the "Tungusic" language of the primitive Altaic peoples (the primitive Altaic language is an extinct language; Turkish, Mongolian, and Tungusic are much later, greatly changed branches), and it may also have evolved in the Central Plains of the Chinese nation, becoming one of the oldest languages in North China.

54. 1形容“客家人”的诗句有哪些

55. 《南山池》 五代 梁藻 翡翠吹翻荷带雨，鹭鹚飞破竹林烟。

54. What are some poetic lines describing the "Kuaichou people"? 55. "South Mountain Pond" - Liang Zao of the Five Dynasties, Jadeite breeze sweeps away lotus leaves and rain, egrets break through the misty bamboo grove smoke.

56. 按黄遵宪的说法，嘉应州自1773年（清雍正十一年）立州，从嘉应立州之始追溯，客家人已经在嘉应之地定居超过700年，已经延续了三十世嗣，是大约公元1000年前后（北宋时期）中原族群南迁到嘉应之地的。而放眼珠三角许多被归类为广府方言系的居民，至廿一世纪之初仍未有传下三十代孙嗣，可见客家人在岭南定居的时间并不比广府系晚。

56. According to Huang Zunxuan, Jiaying Prefecture was established in 1773 (the eleventh year of the Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty). Tracing back from the beginning of Jiaying's establishment, the Hakka people have settled in the Jiaying area for more than 700 years, having continued for thirty generations. They are the descendants of the central plains ethnic group who moved south to the Jiaying area around the year 1000 (during the Northern Song Dynasty). Looking at the Pearl River Delta, many residents who are categorized under the Guangfu dialect group have not passed down their lineage to the thirty-first generation by the early 21st century. This shows that the Hakka people's time of settlement in the Lingnan area is not later than that of the Guangfu group.

57. 客家人一次又一次的辗转迁徙是被迫的，被迫离开家乡、失去家乡故土的人，怎能不更懂得家乡故土的可爱呢？怎能不更珍惜乡土情谊呢？ 反映乡土情调的民间传统文化艺术。在客家传统文化中，反映乡土情调的莫过于客家山歌。

57. The successive migrations of the Hakka people are forced, and those who are forced to leave their hometown and lose their ancestral land, how can they not understand the charm of their hometown even more? How can they not cherish the local affection even more? Reflecting the local flavor of folk traditional culture and art. In Hakka traditional culture, nothing reflects the local flavor more than the Hakka mountain songs.

58. 以下提供一些客家话中有趣味的 例子︰ 客家人最常用的问安话-「你食了麽？」客家人把「吃」和「饮」都讲「食」；在 朝晨﹙早上﹚、当昼﹙正午﹚、暗夜﹙晚上﹚相逢时，都一定先问「你食了麽？」，比 「早安、午安、晚安」更亲切、更能表达客家乡亲间的关切之情。 另外像是学玩﹙学校﹚、辅娘﹙妻子﹚、辛臼﹙媳妇﹚、鲈鳗﹙不讲理﹚、火焰虫 ﹙萤火虫﹚、爷哀﹙父母﹚、家官、家娘﹙公公、婆婆﹚、罪过﹙可怜﹚、硬颈﹙秉性 倔强﹚、伶俐﹙乾净﹚、做生理﹙经商﹚、督目睡﹙打瞌睡﹚、遮儿﹙雨伞﹚、笠痋 _ 斗笠﹚、日头﹙太阳﹚、。

58. Here are some interesting examples from the Hakka language: The most commonly used greeting among the Hakka people is "你食了麽?" (Have you eaten?). The Hakka people use the word "食" for both "eat" and "drink"; when they meet in the morning, at noon, or in the evening, they always ask "你食了麽?" first, which is more personal and conveys a stronger sense of concern among Hakka relatives than "Good morning, good afternoon, good evening." Other examples include: 學玩 (school), 辅娘 (wife), 辛臼 (daughter-in-law), 鮫鱔 (unreasonable), 火焰蟲 (firefly), 爺哀 (parents), 家官 (father-in-law), 家娘 (mother-in-law), 罪過 (poor), �硬頸 (stubborn), 伶俐 (clean), 做生理 (doing business), 督目睡 (dozing off), 遮兒 (umbrella), 笠痋 (straw hat), 日頭 (sun).

59. 复杂的声调系统︰「平、上、去、入、仄」声，便是属於这种声调系统之一。

59. Complex tone system: "Ping (level), Shang (ascending), Qu (descending), Ru (entering), Ze (flat)" tones are one of the tone systems that belong to this category.

60. 法国 3万人 荷兰 021万人 俄罗斯 012万人 丹麦 012万人 挪威 003万人 英国 152万人 德国 05万人 意大利 01万人 瑞士 01万人 比利时 0043万人 葡萄牙 005万人 瑞典 024万人 前南斯拉夫地区 024万人 捷克 001万人 奥地利 005万人 冰岛 001万人 西班牙 002万人 卢森堡 002万人

60. France: 300,000; Netherlands: 021,000; Russia: 012,000; Denmark: 012,000; Norway: 003,000; United Kingdom: 152,000; Germany: 05,000; Italy: 01,000; Switzerland: 01,000; Belgium: 0043,000; Portugal: 005,000; Sweden: 024,000; Former Yugoslav Republic: 024,000; Czech Republic: 001,000; Austria: 005,000; Iceland: 001,000; Spain: 002,000; Luxembourg: 002,000.

61. 那么，什么是传统文化呢？传统文化通常是指属于过去的稳定存在的，流传至今并现在仍起作用的文化要素。客家有自己的传统文化，是中原、河洛文化的继承和发扬，其源远流长，历史上的迁徙和僻处山地的环境条件，使之形成了既是汉民族的又有自己特色的客家文化传统。因此，客家文化是汉文化下属的具有民系色彩和地域特征的一种亚文化。

61. So, what is traditional culture? Traditional culture usually refers to stable cultural elements that have existed in the past, survived to the present, and are still in effect. The Hakka people have their own traditional culture, which is the inheritance and development of the Central Plains and Heluo cultures. Its origins are profound and long-standing. The historical migrations and the environmental conditions of living in mountainous areas have shaped a cultural tradition that is both Han Chinese and has its own distinctive characteristics. Therefore, Hakka culture is a subculture under Han culture, characterized by ethnic and regional features.

62. 另外，还有一种「诏安腔」，源自福建省诏安县﹙永定，为 李登辉、吴伯雄的祖籍﹚，在云林县二仑、仑背及西螺地区的客家庄，本来也有讲诏安 腔的，但因四周被闽南语群包围，缺乏和外地客家人交流，导致严重的「鹤佬化」，诏 安腔已日渐式微。在台湾的客家话可以说是以四县腔为主，像高雄、屏东的六堆客家庄 ，是台湾最早的客家移民地，大多来自嘉应州的四县，所以几乎全是四县腔。

62. In addition, there is also a "Zhao'an dialect," which originates from Zhao'an County, Fujian Province (Yongding, the ancestral hometown of Lee Teng-hui and Wu Bo-xiong). In the Hakka villages of Yilun, Lunbei, and Xielou in Yunlin County, there were people speaking the Zhao'an dialect as well. However, due to being surrounded by the Minnan language group and a lack of communication with outsiders from the Hakka community, there has been a severe "Holoization," causing the Zhao'an dialect to decline over time. The Hakka dialect in Taiwan can be mainly attributed to the Si-jian dialect, as seen in the Liudui Hakka villages in Kaohsiung and Pingtung, which are among the earliest areas of Hakka immigration in Taiwan. Most of the residents there come from the Si-jian region of Jiaying Prefecture, so the dialect is almost exclusively Si-jian.

63. 然而，这种说法还 必须由学者进一步地去研究及考证。 在台湾的客家人大部分是来自广东省东部的方言区，而在腔调、口音上，目前较常 听到的客家话有三种腔调︰

63. However, this statement still needs to be further researched and authenticated by scholars. Most of the Hakka people in Taiwan come from the dialect areas in the eastern part of Guangdong Province, and in terms of tone and accent, the three most commonly heard types of Hakka dialects are currently:

64. 表示富贵。由于“葫芦”与“福禄”音同，它又是富贵的象征，代表长寿吉祥，民间以彩葫芦作佩饰，就是基于这种观念。

64. Symbolizes wealth and status. As the character for "gourds" sounds the same as "felicity and prosperity," it also serves as a symbol of wealth and status, representing longevity and auspiciousness. The folk custom of wearing colored gourds as ornaments is based on this concept.

65. 这就再一次证明了客家人根源自中原河洛，其中不少客家人定居岭南已经超过1000年。大埔县万福寺始建于834年（唐文宗太和八年），至2014年已经超过1180年。

65. This once again proves that the Hakka people originated from the Central Plains of Henan and Hebei, among whom many have settled in the southern part of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area for more than 1,000 years. The Wafu Temple in Dabu County was established in 834 AD (the 8th year of the Taihe reign of Emperor Wenzong of the Tang Dynasty), and by 2014, it had already exceeded 1,180 years.

66. 固知仙境多灵迹，莫向枰棋着意看。（李颖，上杭诗人，著有《梅隐稿》编《杭川风雅集》）南泉庵 明进士 邱道隆南征战士欲投戈，寻乐施旗映薛萝。

66. Fully aware of the celestial realm brimming with spiritual wonders, do not fix your gaze on the chessboard with such intent. (Li Ying, a poet from Shanghang, author of "Mei Yan Gao" and compiler of "Hangchuan Fengya Ji") Nanquan An, the civil-service candidate Qiu Daolong, a southward expedition warrior yearning to lay down his arms, seeks joy in raising flags reflecting upon the Xue Luo.

67. 海陆腔︰「海陆」指的是惠州的海丰及陆丰两县。

67. Hǎilù Qióng: "Hǎilù" refers to the two counties of Haifeng and Lufeng in Huizhou.

68. 时沽村酒临轩酌，拟摘新叶靠石煎。《登谢公楼 》 宋状元 邹应龙沿岸城廓开翠屏，南山毓秀欲腾云。

68. In Shigucun, wine is poured by the pavilion, and I plan to pick new leaves to brew near the stone. "Ascending Xie Gong's Tower" Song Dynasty scholar and prime minister Zou Yinglong, along the city walls, opens a green screen, the beauty of the southern mountain is eager to soar like clouds.

69. 非纯客家县市有：深圳、乳源、乐昌、丰顺、博罗、连南、东昌、惠阳、惠东、揭西、惠来、普宁、陆丰、海丰、连山

69. Non-pure Hakka counties and cities include: Shenzhen, Ruyuan, Lechang, Fengshun, Boluo, Liannan, Dongchang, Huining, Huidong, Jieshi, Huailai, Puning, Lufeng, Haifeng, and Lianshan.

70. 谁不用脑子去思索，谁就在实践中摔跟头。

70. Who does not use their mind to think, will fall flat on their face in practice.

71. 纯客家县市有：长汀、宁化、清流、明溪、连城、上杭、武平、永定。 非纯客家县市有：建宁、将乐、泰宁、崇安、光泽、邵武、顺昌、沙县、永安、三明、漳平、龙岩、南靖、平和、诏安等12个。

71. Pure Hakka counties and cities include: Changting, Ninghua, Qingliu, Mingxi, Liancheng, Shanghang, Wuping, Yongding. Non-pure Hakka counties and cities include: Jianning, Jangle, Taining, Chong'an, Guangze, Shaowu, Shunchang, Shaxian, Yong'an, Sanming, Zhangping, Longyan, Nanjing, Pingshan, Zhaoan, etc., totaling 12.

72. 这种根植于农耕文明基础上的务实精神，不仅体现在客家人的现实生活中，而且还牢固地植根于客家人的深层意识之内。 第

72. This pragmatic spirit rooted in the agricultural civilization not only manifests in the daily life of the Hakka people but is also firmly ingrained in their deep consciousness.

73. 非纯客家县市：通江、达县、巴中、仪陇、广安、巴县、陪陵、重庆、合江、合川、沪县、沪州、内江、富顺、隆昌、威远、资中、安岳、仁寿、简阳、成都、新津、双流、新都、温江、金堂、广汉、彭县、什加、西昌、会理等32个。

73. Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Tongjiang, Daxian, Bazhong, Yilong, Guang'an, Baxian, Peiling, Chongqing, Hejiang, Hechuan, Huxian, Huzhou, Neijiang, Fushun, Longchang, Weiyuan, Zizhong, Anyue, Renshou, Jianyang, Chengdu, Xinnin, Shuangliu, Xindu, Wenjiang, Jintang, Guanghan, Pengxian, Shijia, Xichang, Huili, etc., a total of 32.

74. 单音节性︰以一个「字」为语言单位；而一个字只有一个音节。

74. Monosyllabicity: The language unit is a "character," and each character consists of only one syllable.

75. 生于斯长于斯的人，对自己的乡土有无限的眷恋之情。不少客家人，远离乡土数十载，尽管儿时生活是那么贫困，但对故土的思念又是那么甜蜜。

75. People born and raised here have an infinite attachment to their hometown. Many Hakka people, who have been away from their hometowns for decades, despite their childhood being so poor, still cherish a sweet longing for their ancestral land.

76. 大本营地区的赣江、汀江、梅江流域，是客家文化形成的最为重要的地域。客家学研究专家把近代客家传统文化的形成和演化，概括为“三江文化”（即赣江文化、汀江文化和梅江文化），表明了客家传统文化的形成与大本营地区的自然条件和社会条件有密切的联系。

76. The Gan River, Teng River, and Mei River basins in the base camp area are the most important regions for the formation of Hakka culture. Experts in Hakka studies summarize the formation and evolution of modern Hakka traditional culture as "Three River Culture" (i.e., Gan River Culture, Teng River Culture, and Mei River Culture), indicating that the formation of Hakka traditional culture is closely linked to the natural and social conditions in the base camp area.

77. 真知灼见，首先来自多思善疑。

77. True insight and profound understanding come first from thoughtful skepticism.

78. 一次深思熟虑，胜过百次草率行动。

78. One well-considered action is better than a hundred hasty ones.

79. 质朴无华的风格 大本营地区简单、小规模的农业耕作，使客家人的现实生活只能停留在比较简单的、粗放的、低下的状态。“山多田少，树艺无方。

79.朴素的风格 - The simple and small-scale agricultural practices in the base camp area have kept the real-life of the Hakka people in a relatively simple, rough, and primitive state. "Mountains are numerous, but farmlands are scarce; tree cultivation is without direction."

80. 寺院宝塔耸苍吴①，江上群峰排众青。沽酒自作太白醉，凭栏独向曲江斟②。

80. The pagoda in the temple soars majestically in the vast skies, while the peaks by the river are arrayed in a multitude of greens. I brew and drink wine, imitating the drunkard Tai Bai, and lean on the railing alone, pouring wine into the curve of the river.

81. “随分耕锄收地利，他时饱暖谢苍天”、“百般武艺，不值锄头落地”，这是客家地区流传的歌谣，反映了客家人求真务实的精神。“士耻虚务实，鲜以标榜为事”，即便是大本营地区的传统士大夫和文人学士，也崇尚这种求真务实的为人处世态度。

81. "Work diligently in the fields and reap the benefits of the earth, in the future, when well-fed and warm, we will thank the heavens," and "All manner of martial arts are not worth a hoe hitting the ground." These are folk songs that spread in the Hakka region, reflecting the Hakka people's spirit of seeking truth and being practical. "Scholars are ashamed of emptiness and value practicality, rarely using empty talk as a matter of concern," even in the traditional gentry and scholars of the big base area, they uphold this attitude of seeking truth and being practical in their conduct.

82. 纯客家县市有：赣县、南康、信丰、上犹、大余、崇义、安远、龙南、全南、定南、宁都、于都、兴国、瑞金、会昌、寻乌、石城和铜鼓等18个。 非纯客家县市有：赣州、广昌、永丰、吉安、吉水、泰和、万安、遂川、井岗山、宁冈、永新、万载、宜丰、奉新、靖安、修水、武宁、萍乡、横峰、鹜源等20个。

82. Pure Hakka counties and cities include: Gan County, Nankang, Xinfeng, Shangyou, Dayu, Chongyi, Anyuan, Longnan, Quannan, Dingnan, Ningdu, Yudu, Xingguo, Ruijin, Huichang, Xunwu, Shicheng, and Tonggu, totaling 18. Non-pure Hakka counties and cities include: Ganzhou, Guangchang, Yongfeng, Ji'an, Jishui, Taihe, Wan'an, Suichuan, Jinggangshan, Ninggang, Yongxin, Wanzai, Yifeng, Fengxin, Jing'an, Xiushui, Wuning, Pingxiang, Hongfeng, and Wuyuan, totaling 20.