1. 四句实写湖。“气蒸”句写出湖的丰厚的蓄积，仿佛广大的沼泽地带，都受到湖的滋养哺育，才显得那样草木繁茂，郁郁苍苍。而“波撼”两字放在“岳阳城”上，衬托湖的澎湃动荡，也极为有力。人们眼中的这一座湖滨城，好象瑟缩不安地匍伏在它的脚下，变得异常渺小了。这两句被称为描写洞庭湖的名句。但两句仍有区别：上句用宽广的平面衬托湖的浩阔，下句用窄小的立体来反映湖的声势。诗人笔下的洞庭湖不仅广大，而且还充满活力。

1. The four sentences vividly depict the lake. The phrase "vapors rise" describes the lake's abundant accumulation, as if the vast marshland is nurtured and nourished by the lake, making it lush and dense with vegetation. The words "waves shatter" placed above "Yueyang City" highlight the lake's surging and turbulent nature, which is also very powerful. In the eyes of people, this lakefront city seems to cower uneasily beneath it, becoming extraordinarily small. These two sentences are known as famous lines depicting Dongting Lake. However, there is still a distinction between the two: the first sentence uses a wide plane to reflect the lake's vastness, while the second sentence uses a narrow, three-dimensional form to reflect the lake's powerful force. The Dongting Lake depicted by the poet is not only vast but also full of vitality.

2. 得出结论：羡慕钓鱼，此处“垂钓者”指进入仕途的官员，表达了自己想出来做官，苦于无人引荐，希望得到张九龄的帮助。

2. Conclude: Envy fishing, here "the fisherman" refers to officials who have entered the official career, expressing his desire to come out and serve as an official, but is troubled by the lack of a referral, hoping to receive help from Zhang Jiuling.

3. 《望洞庭湖赠张丞相》写于唐玄宗开元二十一年(

3. "Gazing at Dongting Lake and Presenting to Prime Minister Zhang" was written in the 21st year of the Kaiyuan era under Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty.

4. 清晨登巴陵，周览无不极。明湖映天光，彻底见秋色。秋色何苍然，际海俱澄鲜。山青灭远树，水绿无寒烟。来帆出江中，去鸟向日边。风清长沙浦，山空云梦田。瞻光惜颓发，阅水悲徂年。北渚既荡漾，东流自潺湲。郢人唱白雪，越女歌采莲。听此更肠断，凭崖泪如泉。李白《秋登巴陵望洞庭》?>

4. In the early morning, ascending Bashiling, I viewed everything to the fullest. The bright lake reflects the sky's light, and the autumn colors are completely visible. The autumn color is so serene, the seas meet in clarity and freshness. The mountains are green, extinguishing the distant trees, and the water is green without the chill of smoke. Boats coming from the river, birds flying towards the sun's edge. The wind is clear over Changsha's bank, the mountains are empty, and the fields of dreams are filled with clouds. Gazing at the light, I regret my receding hair, looking at the water, I grieve for the passing years. The northern shore is undulating, the eastward flow is murmuring. The people of Ying sing "Bai Xue," the girls of Yue sing the lotus songs. Listening to this, my heart is broken, leaning on the cliff, my tears flow like a spring. Li Bai's "Autumn Ascension on Bashiling Gazing at Dongting Lake."

5. 望洞庭湖赠张丞相诗中对于本来是藉以表意的洞庭湖，进行了泼墨山水般的大笔渲绘，呈现出八百里洞庭的阔大境象与壮伟景观，取得撼人心魄的艺术效果，使此诗实际上已成为山水杰作。

5. In the poem "Presenting to Zhang Changqing: Gazing at Dongting Lake," the poet employs a bold and expressive brushwork akin to ink-wash landscape painting to depict the Dongting Lake, which was originally used to convey meaning. This creates a grand and magnificent scene of the eight-hundred-mile-wide Dongting Lake, achieving a heart-stirring artistic effect. As a result, this poem has actually become a masterpiece of landscape literature.

6. 想得玉楼瑶殿影，空照秦淮。——李煜《浪淘沙》

6. Desired is the shadow of the jade pavilion and the jade palace, but it only illuminates the Qinhuai River in vain. — Li Yu, "Wandering Sands"

7. 学生选自己喜欢的诗句读，并想诗句的意思，品味诗句。

7. Students choose their favorite verses to read, and ponder over the meanings of the verses, appreciating the beauty of the poetry.

8. 翻译：一边喝酒，一边流泪，寂寞孤独地听着滴打在西窗上的雨声。

8. Translation: Drinking while shedding tears, lonely and alone, listening to the raindrops tapping on the west window.

9. A．大河上下，顿失滔滔B．相呼相应湘江阔，苦竹丛生日向西

9. A. Along the great river, the mighty waves cease B. Echoing and responding across the broad Xiangjiang, the days in the bamboo thickets turn westward

10. 诗词作品： 望洞庭湖赠张丞相╱临洞庭 诗词作者： 唐代 孟浩然 诗词归类： 唐诗三百首、初中古诗、山水、写水、地名

10. Poetic Works: Gazing at Dongting Lake and Presenting to Zhang Changshi / Approaching Dongting Lake Poet: Meng Haoran of the Tang Dynasty Poetic Classification: The Three Hundred Tang Poems, Ancient Poems in Junior High School, Landscape, Writing about Water, Place Names

11. 蝉蜕尘埃外，蝶梦水云乡。——张孝祥《水调歌头·泛湘江》

11. Escaping the dust of the world, the cicada dreams of the land of water and clouds. — Zhang Xiaoxiang, "Water Tune: Floating on the Xiang River"

12. 从诗的最后两联中，我们可以窥定诗人怎样的心曲？

12. From the last two couplets of the poem, what kind of inner feelings can we discern from the poet?

13. 品味独特的比喻：末句改为“君山好像一青螺”好像更清楚，这样改行吗？

13. Unique Taste Metaphor: It seems clearer to change the last sentence to "Jinshan resembles a green螺" like this. Is it okay to make this change?

14. C、后两联表达了作者寄情山水、归隐田园的愿望。

14. C, the last two couplets express the author's desire to immerse oneself in the scenery and retire to the countryside.

15. 教学重点理解“两相和”、“白银盘”和“青螺”，想像诗人笔下的月夜洞庭水天一色的画面美，感悟诗境，体会形象的比喻。

15. The key point of teaching is to understand the concepts of "the harmony of the two phases," "silver plate," and "green snail." Imagine the beautiful scene of the moonlit evening on Dongting Lake as depicted by the poet,感悟诗境, and appreciate the imagery and metaphorical comparisons.

16. 作为干谒诗，最重要的是要写得得体，称颂对方要有分寸，不失身分。措辞要不卑不亢，不露寒乞相，才是第一等文字。这首诗委婉含蓄，不落俗套，艺术上自有特色。

16. As an ode of flattery, the most important aspect is to write it appropriately, with a proper measure of praise that does not exceed one's status. The wording should be neither subservient nor haughty, not showing a look of beggary, which is the first-class writing. This poem is subtle and implicit, not falling into the trap of conventionality, and has its own artistic characteristics.

17. D这首诗意在表达希望能得到张九龄引荐，但在语言运用上却十分委婉、含蓄。

17. This poem is intended to express the hope of being recommended by Zhang Jiuying, but its language usage is very subtle and implicit.

18. 洞庭西望楚江分，水尽南天不见云。日落长沙秋色远，不知何处吊湘君。

18. Facing west from Dongting, Chu River separates; Water ends at the southern sky, clouds unseen. As the sun sets over Changsha, autumn colors stretch far; Where to mourn the Xiang Lord, I do not know.

19. 陶渊明的《饮酒》诗，好比我们这个旅游团观赏了陶渊明经营管理的一处田园风光，领略了它特有的风味。今天我们继续旅行来到我国文学史上的两座高峰——唐诗和宋词。这两座高峰郁郁葱葱，蔚然深秀，美丽的景色令游赏者目不暇接。由于时间紧，我们在这两处景观中，重点欣赏孟浩然和范仲淹，走马观花看一看李白和白居易。同学们，同意吗

19. Tao Yuanming's poem "Drinking" is like our travel group enjoying a rural scenery managed by Tao Yuanming, appreciating its unique flavor. Today, we continue our journey to the two peaks of our literary history—Tang poetry and Song ci (lyrics). These two peaks are lush and profound, with beautiful scenery that is breathtaking. Due to the limited time, we will focus on appreciating Meng Haoran and Fan Zhongyan at these two attractions, and take a brief glance at Li Bai and Bai Juyi. Students, do you agree?

20. 如：用你的朗读来表达你的感受。（师生评价）

20. For example: Use your reading to express your feelings. (Teacher and student evaluation)

21. 突破口：“坐观垂钓者，徒有羡鱼情”到底是“羡鱼”还是“羡钓鱼”

21. Breakthrough: Is "羡鱼" in the phrase "坐观垂钓者，徒有羡鱼情" referring to "envying the fish" or "envying the act of fishing"?

22. 地尽天水合，朝及洞庭湖。初日当中涌，莫辨东西隅。晶耀目何在，滢荧心欲无。灵光晏海若，游气耿天吴。张乐轩皇至，征苗夏禹徂。楚臣悲落叶，尧女泣苍梧。野积九江润，山通五岳图。风恬鱼自跃，云夕雁相呼。独此临泛漾，浩将人代殊。永言洗氛浊，卒岁为清娱。要使功成退，徒劳越大夫。宋之问《洞庭湖》

22. The earth ends where the heavens and water meet, in the morning I reach the Dongting Lake. The rising sun surges in the middle, distinguishing not the east or west corner. The sparkling light where does it go, the shimmering glow, my heart desires it not. The divine light lingers like the calm sea, the ethereal vapor is bright over the land of Tianwu. The music is played in the hall of the Xuan Huang, the war against the Miao people is led by the Xia Yu. The Chu officials grieve for the falling leaves, the Yao daughter weeps over the Cangwu. The wilderness is filled with the water of the nine rivers, the mountains connect to the five sacred mountains. The wind is calm, fish leap by themselves, in the evening clouds, geese call to each other. Only here by the rippling waters, the vastness will separate this era from another. To forever speak of washing away the turbid air, to spend the year in serene amusement. To desire that the work be done and then retreat, is to labor in vain for a grand officer. Song Zhiwen's "Dongting Lake."

23. （引导学生语言描述想象中的美，如：感受银色的光辉撒在湖面，朦胧的月光。）

23. (Guide students to describe the beauty they imagine, such as: feeling the silver glow spread over the lake surface, the dim moonlight.)

24. 帆挂狂风起，茫茫既往时。波涛如未息，舟楫亦堪疑。旅雁投孤岛，长天下四维。前程有平处，谁敢与心期。朱庆馀《过洞庭》

24. The sails are hoisted amidst the fierce gales, as the vast ocean turns back the past. The waves continue to rage, casting doubt on the boats. The migrating geese fly to the desolate island, stretching their wings across the four corners of the world. There are smooth paths ahead, but who dares to set their heart on them? - Zhu Qingyu's "Crossing Dongting Lake"

25. ，孟浩然西游长安，写了这首诗赠当时在相位的张九龄，目的是想得到张的赏识和录用，只是为了保持一点身份，才写得那样委婉，极力泯灭那干谒的痕迹。

25. Meng Haoran traveled to Chang'an in the west, and wrote this poem to present to Zhang Jiuling who was in a position of power at the time. The purpose was to gain Zhang's appreciation and employment. It was only to maintain a bit of dignity that he wrote it in such an oblique and subtle manner, striving to erase the痕迹 of seeking favors.

26. ，张九龄被李林甫排挤，由右丞相贬为荆州长史。这首诗是张九龄在荆州任上诗人写给他的。前四句是写洞庭湖的名句。八月水涨，湖水几乎与岸平。向湖中看，水天相接，水跟天混合一体，分不清彼此，所以称混太清，太清指天。但洞庭湖上的水天相混，与一般的水天相接不一样。水天相接，还是水是水、天是天，只是人的视力造成的错觉，这里的水天相混，是水与天混而不分，在水与天之间的一段虚空已包含在湖水里，所以是水和天相混了。气蒸云梦泽，水面上有蒸发出来的水气，把虚空包含了，这个水气也把整个云梦泽都笼罩了。古代的云梦泽，在湖北省大江南北，江南为梦，江北为云，方圆九百里，这里泛指围绕着洞庭湖一带。接着第四句写洞庭湖波浪的声势。宋范致明《岳阳风土记》，称洞庭夏秋水涨，涛声喧如万鼓，故称波撼岳阳城。岳阳城在洞庭湖东北岸，那儿的岳阳楼是望洞庭湖的胜地。这四句勾勒出了洞庭湖的壮阔景象和湖波的声势。后四句是感怀。欲济无舟楫，《书说命上》：若济巨川，用汝作舟楫。面对洞庭湖，要渡过去却没有舟楫，暗喻自己想出仕建功，没有人引荐。端居耻圣明，端居指平居闲处，在圣明时即太平时，闲着不做事是可耻的。《淮南子说林训》：临河而羡鱼，不如归家结网。末联表示空有羡鱼的感情，希望对方

27. 这首诗仅用四句话就概括出洞庭湖的浩渺气势，写出洞庭湖波涛汹涌的声势，抒怀里又要结合写景，含蓄不露，虽有所求，但不露求乞相。在写景上，诗人抓住洞庭湖水势大的季节，用八月来点明，用湖水平说明水势的浩大，开头朴实而有力。第二句就奇峰突起，概括出洞庭湖的气魄。洞庭湖的浩渺，不同一般的水天相接，原来是含虚混太清，湖上的水气把天和空都包含进去了。这才捕捉住了它的特点，写出了它的浩渺的气势。如此还不够，再加上气蒸云梦泽，水气的蒸腾把江南江北的云梦泽都笼罩了。这样写，还没有写足洞庭湖波涛汹涌的声势，

26. Zhang Jiuling was pushed aside by Li Linfu, and was demoted from the position of Right Prime Minister to the position of the Administrator of Jingzhou. This poem was written by a poet serving in Jingzhou, in honor of Zhang Jiuling. The first four lines are famous lines describing Dongting Lake. In August, the water level of the lake is almost even with the shore. When looking at the lake, the water and sky blend together, indistinguishable from each other, hence the term "mixed Taiqing," with Taiqing referring to the sky. However, the mingling of water and sky on Dongting Lake is different from the general mingling of water and sky. In the mingling here, water and sky blend together without distinction; a segment of empty space between the water and the sky is already contained within the lake, thus creating a blend of water and sky. The steam rising from the Yunmeng Lake, with its evaporation, encompasses this empty space, and this steam also envelops the entire Yunmeng Lake. The ancient Yunmeng Lake, covering an area of nine hundred miles around the southern and northern banks of the Yangtze River in Hubei Province, is referred to here in a general sense around Dongting Lake. The fourth line goes on to describe the powerful sound of the waves on Dongting Lake. In the "Record of the Fengtu of Yangzhou" by Song Fan Ziming, it is said that during the summer and autumn, when the lake is full, the waves roar like ten thousand drums, hence the term "wave shakes the city of Yangzhou." The city of Yangzhou is on the northeast shore of Dongting Lake, and the Yangzhou Tower there is a famous place to view Dongting Lake. These four lines sketch the grandeur of Dongting Lake and the powerful sound of its waves. The last four lines express sentiment. "Without a boat or oar to cross," as mentioned in the "Book of Changes, Shuo Ming," suggests that if one is to cross a great river, one should use the person as a boat or oar. Standing by Dongting Lake, without a boat or oar to cross over, implies a desire to serve the state and make achievements, but without anyone to recommend. "Disgraceful to be idle during peaceful times," with "idle" referring to leisurely seclusion, being inactive during a time of peace and prosperity is considered shameful. In the "Huainanzi, Shuo Lin," it is said, "It is better to go home and make a fishing net than to stand by the river and envy the fish." The last couplet expresses the feeling of longing, hoping for the other's help. 27. This poem summarizes the vastness of Dongting Lake in just four lines, depicting the powerful sound of its surging waves, and expressing sentiment while combining with the description of the landscape. It is implicit and unobtrusive, showing desire without appearing desperate. In terms of depicting the landscape, the poet seized the season when the water level of Dongting Lake is high, using August to highlight it, and describing the vastness of the water level at the beginning in a straightforward and powerful manner. The second line suddenly introduces a striking image, summarizing the grandeur of Dongting Lake. The vastness of Dongting Lake is different from the general mingling of water and sky. It is actually a blend of emptiness and Taiqing, with the lake's mist encompassing both the sky and space. This captures its unique characteristics and describes its vast grandeur. This is still not enough, as the steam rising from the Yunmeng Lake envelops the clouds and dreams of both the south and north banks of the Yangtze River. Such a depiction has not yet fully captured the powerful sound of Dongting Lake's surging waves.

28. C．吴楚东南坼，乾坤日夜浮D．天门中断楚江开，碧水东流至此回

28. C. Wu Chu splits the southeast, heaven and earth float day and night D. Tianmen is interrupted, the Chu River opens, the green waters flow eastward and turn back here

29. 7想做官而没有途径希望张丞相能助一臂之力（共2分。每空1分，意近即可）

29.7.7. Wanted to become an official but had no way, hoping that Mr. Zhang the Prime Minister could lend a hand (Total 2 points. 1 point for each blank, meaning can be similar).

30. B欲济句中的济即渡，这句是说湖大浪高，欲渡不能。

30. The character "济" in the phrase "B欲济句" refers to "crossing" or "渡." This sentence means that the lake has high waves, and it is impossible to cross.

31. 作业：批判性地学习诗人“含蓄地自我

32. 古人孟浩然

33. ，孟浩然西游长安，写了这首诗赠当时在相位的张九龄，目的是想得到张的赏识和录用，只是为了保持一点身分，才写得那样委婉，极力泯灭那干谒的痕迹。

31. Assignment: Critically study the poet "implies self-reflection" 32. Ancient person Meng Haoran 33., Meng Haoran traveled to Chang'an in the West, wrote this poem to present to Zhang Jiuying, who was in a position of power at the time, with the aim of gaining Zhang's recognition and employment. It was only to maintain a bit of dignity that he wrote in such an oblique manner, striving to erase the traces of flattery.

34. 范仲淹所处的北宋时期，其主要边患是辽和西夏。1040年到1043年，范仲淹任陕西经略副使等职，抵抗西夏侵扰。其间他作了《渔家傲》词数首，写边镇劳苦，今只存这一首。词中着力渲染了边塞的悲壮气氛，抒写了思念家乡的情绪和抗击侵扰、巩固边防的意志。此词首开边塞词之作，其格调苍凉悲壮，感情沉挚抑郁，一扫花间词派柔靡无骨、嘲风弄月的词风，成为后来苏轼、辛弃疾豪放派的先声。

34. During the Northern Song Dynasty when Fan Zhongyan lived, the main border troubles were the Liao and Xixia dynasties. From 1040 to 1043, Fan Zhongyan served as the Deputy Minister of Military Affairs in Shaanxi, resisting the invasions of the Xixia. During this period, he composed several poems of "Yujia Ao", depicting the hardships of frontier towns, and today only this one survives. The poem emphasizes the solemn and heroic atmosphere of the frontier, expressing the longing for home and the determination to resist invasions and consolidate the border defenses. This poem was the first of its kind to open up the genre of frontier poetry, with its style being melancholic and heroic, full of deep and melancholic emotions, which swept away the soft and boneless style of the "Flower Between" school and became the precursor of the free-spirited school of Su Shi and Xin Qiji.

35. 于是下面再进一步，向张丞相发出呼吁。「垂钓者」暗指当朝执政的人物，其实是专就张丞相而言。这最后两句，意思是说：执政的张大人啊，您能出来主持国政，我是十分钦佩的，不过我是在野之身，不能追随左右，替你效力，只有徒然表示钦羡之情罢了。这几句话，诗人巧妙地运用了「临渊羡鱼，不如退而结网」（《淮南子·说林训》）的古语，另翻新意；而且「垂钓」也正好同「湖水」照应，因此不大露出痕迹，但是他要求援引的心情是不难体味的。

35. Further below, an appeal is made to Prime Minister Zhang. 'The angler' subtly refers to the current rulers of the state, actually specifically addressing Prime Minister Zhang. The last two sentences mean: Prime Minister Zhang, I greatly admire your ability to take charge of state affairs, but as an outsider, I am unable to follow you and serve you. I can only express my admiration. These few words cleverly employ the ancient saying "It's better to fish at the edge of the river than to sit at home and wish for fish" (from "Huai Nan Zi: Shuo Lin Xun"), giving it a new twist; and "angling" also corresponds well with "the lake," so the痕迹 are not too obvious. However, his desire to be cited can be easily understood.

36. ，唐玄宗时宰相，后贬为荆州长史。2涵虚：包含天空，指天倒映在水中。涵：包容。虚：虚空，空间。3混太清：与天混成一体。清：指天空。4云梦泽：古时云泽和梦泽指湖北南部、湖南北部一代低洼地区。洞庭湖是它南部的一角。岳阳城：在洞庭湖东岸。5济：渡。6端居：安居。7耻(chǐ)圣明：有愧于圣明之世。圣明：指太平盛世，古时认为皇帝圣明社会就会安定。

36. Li Yu was a prime minister during the Tang Xuanzong era, who was later demoted to the position of Prefect of Jingzhou. 2. "Hanxu" refers to the sky being reflected in water, indicating the sky's image in the water. "Han" means to encompass, while "xu" means emptiness or space. 3. "Hun Taqing" means to merge into one with the sky. "Qing" refers to the sky. 4. "Yunmeng Zhe" refers to the ancient areas of low-lying land in southern Hubei and northern Hunan, with Dongting Lake being a part of its southern corner. "Yueyang City" is located on the eastern bank of Dongting Lake. 5. "Ji" means to cross or to渡. 6. "Duanju" means to live in peace and comfort. 7. "Chǐ shengming" means to feel ashamed in the face of a peaceful and prosperous era. "Shengming" refers to a time of peace and prosperity, where it was believed that a wise and just emperor would lead to social stability.

37. 秋水盛涨，八月的洞庭湖装得满满的，和岸上几乎平接。远远望去，水天一色，洞庭湖和天空接合成了完完整整的一块。开头两句，写得洞庭湖极开朗也极涵浑，汪洋浩阔，与天相接，润泽著千花万树，容纳了大大小小的河流。

37. The autumn water is at its peak, and the Dongting Lake in August is filled to the brim, almost level with the shore. From a distance, the water and the sky blend into one, forming a complete and seamless unity. The first two lines describe the Dongting Lake as extremely open and profound, vast and boundless, merging with the sky, nourishing thousands of flowers and trees, and accommodating rivers of all sizes.

38. 答：用典故；这是隐喻想做官二没有途径，言外之意就是希望张丞相能助一臂之力。

38. Answer: Use allusions; this is a metaphor indicating that there is no way to become an official, and the implication is that one hopes for the assistance of Mr. Zhang the Prime Minister.

39. 洞庭九州间，厥大谁与让？南汇群崖水，北注何奔放。 --韩愈《登岳阳楼》

39. Among the Dangting and the nine states, whose grandeur is there to match? The water from the Nanhu cliffs flows southward, while the water from the north rushes forth unrestrainedly. --Han Yu, "Mounting the Yueyang Tower"

40. 学会《望洞庭》诗中出现的生字，能结合注释理解词义。

40. Learn the new characters that appear in the poem "Wang Dongting," and be able to understand the meanings of the words with the help of annotations.

41. ⑶结合诗歌的尾联（最后两句）分析作者的思想感情。（2分）

41. ③ Analyze the author's thoughts and feelings by combining the last couplet of the poem. (2 points)