1. 人要是垂头丧气，马也跑不动了。阿拉伯

1. If a person is dejected, even a horse cannot run. Arabic

2. 一种最低级以及最不入流的方法就是拍摄恐怖片了，也就是说让观众在黑乎乎的**院里面惊得大呼小叫。比如《加州电锯狂人》《死神来了》《食人鱼》这样的刺激感官的**。但很显然这样的**无论情节有多恐怖，都不会让人感到这**说的是自己的事情，反而也会引发大家的小确幸心理。大家看完心想，虽然情节好恐怖，但毕竟是假的，和我没关系。

2. One of the lowest and most unrefined methods is to make horror films, that is, to scare the audience into loud screams in a dark theater. For example, films like "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre," "Final Destination," and "Jaws" that stimulate the senses. However, it is obvious that such films, no matter how terrifying the plot is, will not make people feel that the story is about themselves. Instead, they may also trigger a sense of minor happiness in everyone. After watching, people might think, although the plot is very terrifying, it is after all fake and has nothing to do with me.

3. 人生因为有美，所以最后一定是悲剧。王尔德

3. Because life has beauty, it is inevitably tragic in the end. Oscar Wilde

4. 达芬奇画蛋：欧洲文艺复兴时期的著名画家达芬奇，从小爱好绘画。父亲送他到当时意大利的名城佛罗伦萨，拜名画家佛罗基奥为师。老师要他从画蛋入手。他画了一个又一个，足足画了十多天。老师见他有些不耐烦了，便对他说："不要以为画蛋容易，要知道，1000个蛋中从来没有两个是完全相同的;即使是同一个蛋，只要变换一下角度去看形状也就不同了，蛋的椭圆形轮廓就会有差异。所以，要在画纸上把它完美的表现出来，非得下番苦功不可。"从此，达芬奇用心学习素描，经过长时期勤奋艰苦的艺术实践，终于创作出许多不朽的名画。

4. Leonardo da Vinci Drawing Eggs: Leonardo da Vinci, a famous painter of the European Renaissance, had a passion for painting from a young age. His father sent him to Florence, a famous city in Italy at the time, to study under the renowned painter Florentio. The teacher asked him to start with drawing eggs. He drew one after another, for more than ten days. Seeing that he was getting impatient, the teacher said to him, "Don't think that drawing eggs is easy; you should know that there is never a pair of eggs that are exactly the same. Even if it is the same egg, just by changing the angle to look at its shape, it will be different. The elliptical outline of the egg will have differences. Therefore, to perfectly express it on paper, one must work hard." From then on, Leonardo da Vinci diligently studied sketching, and through long periods of hard work and artistic practice, he finally created many immortal masterpieces.

5. 请注意，这不是我们第一次在本节目里面提到模仿。在柏拉图的戏剧理论里面，现实事物是对于理念的模仿，戏剧是对于现实的模仿，因此戏剧比起现实事物来说，又与理念多隔了一层，并因此更加远离真理。

5. Please note that this is not the first time we have mentioned imitation in this program. In Plato's theory of drama, real things are imitations of ideas, and drama is an imitation of reality. Therefore, drama is one step further away from ideas compared to real things, and as a result, it is even more distant from the truth.

6. 教师富有激情地介绍这个站名的来历，引出课文和人物。

6. The teacher enthusiastically introduces the origin of the station name, leading into the text and characters.

7. 一切悲剧皆因死亡而结束，一切喜剧皆因婚姻而告终。拜伦

7. All tragedies end in death, and all comedies end in marriage. - Byron

8. 知识目标：理解、积累“销蚀、毛骨悚然、怏怏不乐”等词语，体会“伟大的悲剧”的含义。

8. Knowledge Objective: Understand and accumulate the meanings of words such as "corrosion," "frightful," and "unhappy," and experience the meaning of "The Great Tragedy."

9. 说到这里大家或许会问，以上所说的乃是一般戏剧的创作原则，但为何我们这里要特别突出悲剧呢？ 悲剧在亚里士多德看来，是一种能够唤起悲悯与畏惧这两种情绪的戏剧。 与一般意义的放松愉快等情绪相比， 上述两种情绪乃是具有哲学特征的情绪，所以特别具有净化观众灵魂的力量。

9. At this point, you might ask, the principles of drama creation mentioned above are general, but why do we emphasize tragedy in particular here? According to Aristotle, tragedy is a form of drama that can evoke both compassion and fear. Compared to the general emotions of relaxation and joy, these two emotions are characterized by philosophical features, and therefore they have a particularly strong power to purify the souls of the audience.

10. 优秀的戏剧都应当有这样的一种力量，就是让观众从心底里面感到自己被震撼到了，你得让观众思考，而不仅仅让他们掉眼泪。不过要做到让戏剧具有这样的力量，要让观众产生这样的一种畏惧的心理，也并不是很容易。

10. Excellent drama should possess a certain power that moves the audience deeply, making them feel truly震撼. It's not enough to simply make them cry; you have to make the audience think. However, it's not easy to achieve such power in drama and to evoke a sense of fear in the audience.

11. 艺术向来都是要投入整个身心的事情，因此，艺术归根结底都是悲剧性的。卡夫卡

11. Art has always been a matter of wholehearted investment, therefore, at its core, art is fundamentally tragic. Kafka

12. 很显然，作为戏剧家或者小说家，你得辨别出在日常发生的林林总总的事情里面，哪些才是具有重大意义的、算得上是有人类的选择所参与的行为或者行动。而一般人往往缺乏这种敏感性，容易被缺乏历史意义的花边新闻牵着鼻子走。

12. It is obviously that, as a playwright or novelist, you need to discern which of the myriad events that occur in everyday life are of significant importance, which can be considered as behaviors or actions involving human choices. However, the general public often lacks this sensitivity and is easily led by trivial news lacking historical significance.

13. 而且亚里士多德又特别地强调悲剧的教育作用，他认为悲剧对于人生本性的揭示作用特别的强， 能够从总体上唤起观众对于人生哲学基本问题的反思，而不会让观众在低俗的笑声中，沉湎于各种让人怡然自得的小确幸的心理之中。

13. Moreover, Aristotle particularly emphasized the educational role of tragedy. He believed that tragedy has a particularly strong function in revealing the essence of human nature, and it can stimulate the audience to reflect on the fundamental issues of life philosophy as a whole, without allowing the audience to indulge in vulgar laughter or in the pursuit of various small, pleasant satisfactions that make them feel content.

14. 请以“伟大的”为话题，写一篇小短文。(任选其

14. Write a short essay on the topic of "Greatness" (choose one of the following prompts): 14. The Greatness of the Human Spirit: Exploring the Power of Perseverance and Innovation

15. 板书学生说出的词语，比如：震撼、钦佩、崇敬。

15. Write down the words that the students say, such as: shock, admiration, reverence.

16. 斯科特没能实现第一的目标，而且没能成功地返回祖国，可以说他是一个失败者，但他却赢得了胜利者都没有的尊重和赞誉。生活中我们每个人都会遇到失败，我们该怎样面对呢

16. Scott failed to achieve his first goal and was unable to successfully return to his homeland. He could be considered a failure, but he won respect and praise that even the victors did not have. In life, everyone will encounter failure at some point. How should we face it?

17. 爱情在法国是一幕喜剧，在英国是一幕悲剧，在意大利是一幕歌剧，在德国是一幕的闹剧。布莱

17. Love is a comedy in France, a tragedy in England, an opera in Italy, and a farce in Germany.布莱

18. (设计意图：，引导学生挖掘细节中蕴藏着的丰富的人文素养，通过品读、朗读发展学生语言能力，通过对情节内容的想象拓展学生的思维能力，在小组讨论班级交流过程中，培养学生的问题意识，逐步培养学生合作学习的意识和探究的学习精神。)

18. (Design intention: guide students to explore the rich humanistic quality hidden in the details, develop students' language abilities through reading and recitation, expand students' thinking abilities through imagination of plot content, cultivate students' awareness of questioning in the process of group discussions and class exchanges, and gradually foster students' awareness of cooperative learning and the spirit of exploratory learning.)

19. 譬如我在翻看1944年的英国的一些战时新闻，就发现当时人们所关注的所谓的好玩的事件，在今天看来简直不值一提。譬如驻扎英国的美军是如何在酒后闹事的等等，这样的新闻竟然占据了头条。真正的大事，比如诺曼底行动该如何策划，新闻是不说的。但敏感的作家与高级的新闻记者，是应当能够嗅出即将发生大事件的气味的，否则那么多美国大兵出现在英国又是作甚呢？

19. For example, when I was flipping through some wartime news from Britain in 1944, I found that the so-called entertaining events that people were concerned about at the time are simply not worth mentioning today. For example, how the American troops stationed in Britain were causing trouble after drinking, etc., such news even took up the headlines. The real major events, such as how the Normandy invasion was planned, were not reported. However, sensitive writers and senior journalists should be able to smell the aroma of major events about to happen; otherwise, what is the purpose of so many American soldiers appearing in Britain?

20. 人生并非悲剧，而是懊恼，这才是人生中的基本领情。人生之晨是工作，人生之午是评议，人生之夜是祷告。赫西奥德

20. Life is not a tragedy, but regret, which is the basic sentiment in life. The morning of life is work, the afternoon is criticism, and the night is prayer. Hesiod

21. 导入 ：课件显示南极版图突出南极点科学实验站的名称阿蒙森---斯科特站

21. Import: The presentation displays a map of Antarctica, highlighting the name of the Amundsen-Scott Scientific Research Station at the South Pole.

22. 明确：⑴本文的叙事脉络十分清楚，通过时间、地点、人物心里的变化来组织文章，条理清楚、语言简洁。

22. Clarification: (1) The narrative structure of this article is very clear, organized through changes in time, place, and characters' inner thoughts, with a logical order and concise language.

23. 小组讨论，说说你认为文章中的人物、环境以及叙事等方面，给你的写作以哪些启示

23. Group discussion: Discuss what insights you believe the characters, setting, and narrative aspects of the article have given you for your writing.

24. 人生对于明哲善思的人来说，是个喜剧；对于多情善感的人来说，是个悲剧。利斯特

24. For the wise and thoughtful, life is a comedy; for the sensitive and emotional, it is a tragedy. - Liszt

25. 科学家热爱事业、执着、拼搏的精神不得不令人赞叹。

25. The spirit of scientists who love their careers, are persevering, and struggle tirelessly is truly praiseworthy.

26. 行动所涉及的重大选择的走向，是戏剧中人物的价值观、性格与历史背景的综合性体现。 所以这些重大行动才屡屡在优秀的戏剧与小说里面，成为戏剧家所聚焦的对象。由此我们也就不难理解，哈姆雷特的那句名言的哲学含义了— —生存还是毁灭，这是一个问题 。换言之，如何选？怎么选？选性命还是选大义，乃是人生面临的最终极的大问题。

26. The direction of the major choices involved in the action is a comprehensive reflection of the characters' values, personalities, and historical background in the drama. That's why these major actions are repeatedly focused on by dramatists in excellent dramas and novels. From this, we can easily understand the philosophical meaning of Hamlet's famous saying — "To be or not to be, that is the question." In other words, how to choose? How to make the choice? Whether to choose life or righteousness is the ultimate and most profound problem faced by humans.

27. 学生可能不适应阅读这么长的篇幅，学生可能不适应这么欧化的语言，学生可能陌生这么含蓄而深刻的主题，学生可能有不太理解西方人的价值观念，这正是在阅读这篇文章比较困难的地方。所以教学的立足点不应太高太难，应尽量简化、浅化，使学生好懂、爱学，并重在培养他们的兴趣，不然，教师的教学就会很被动。

27. Students may not be accustomed to reading such a long passage, they may not be adapted to such Europeanized language, they may be unfamiliar with such implicit and profound themes, and they may not fully understand the values of Westerners. This is precisely where the difficulty lies in reading this article. Therefore, the starting point of teaching should not be too high or too difficult; it should be simplified and made more accessible, so that students can understand and enjoy learning, with a focus on cultivating their interest. Otherwise, the teacher's teaching will be very passive.

28. 我们阅读一篇课文就像一个旅行家在旅行，要去不断地发现那些有价值的、美好的、印象深刻的东西，并把它们记录下来并仔细整理珍藏。下面大家读课文，看同学们是不是一个个细心的收藏家。(指导学生分类整理，做成卡片)

整理如下： 28. We read a text as a traveler embarks on a journey, constantly discovering valuable, beautiful, and impressive things, and recording them meticulously to treasure them carefully. Now, everyone please read the text and see if each of you is like a careful collector. (Guiding students to classify and organize, making cards)

29. 每个英雄的背后都隐藏着一段悲剧。费兹杰罗

29. Behind every hero lies a tragedy. F. Scott Fitzgerald

30. 亚里士多德对于悲剧的看法集中在他的《诗学》一书之中，为什么《诗学》这本书会讨论悲剧呢？因为当时的诗歌的概念是很宽泛的，它也包括戏剧。亚里士多德充分肯定了戏剧对于教育民众的作用，这一点他与贬低诗歌与戏剧的柏拉图是非常不同的。

30. Aristotle's views on tragedy are concentrated in his book "Poetics." Why does "Poetics" discuss tragedy? Because the concept of poetry at that time was very broad, including drama as well. Aristotle fully acknowledged the role of drama in educating the public, which is a stark contrast to Plato, who belittled poetry and drama.

31. 所谓的《诗学》从这个角度上看，就是告诉大家何为优秀文艺作品的一种评风之学。在今天戏剧的重要性已经被影视剧给取代了，而观看影视剧也成为了我们日常生活的一个重要组成部分。因此亚里士多德在《诗学》中所给出的文艺评价标准，也能够帮助我们在海量的影视资讯中迅速遴选出一部值得一看的文艺作品，以免让那些烂剧浪费我们的人生。从这个角度上来看，亚里士多德的《诗学》应当成为今日豆瓣评分的指导哲学。

31. From this perspective, the so-called "Poetics" is a discipline of criticism that teaches us what constitutes an excellent literary and artistic work. Today, the importance of drama has been replaced by movies and TV series, and watching them has become an important part of our daily lives. Therefore, the standards of artistic evaluation provided by Aristotle in "Poetics" can also help us quickly select a worthwhile literary and artistic work from the vast sea of film and television information, to prevent the waste of our lives on bad TV series. From this perspective, Aristotle's "Poetics" should become the guiding philosophy for today's Douban ratings.

32. 曾两次获得诺贝尔奖的居里夫人，从上千吨的矿石中提炼出几克的"镭"，终于取得成功。

32. Madame Curie, who had won the Nobel Prize twice, finally succeeded in extracting a few grams of "radium" from thousands of tons of ore.

33. 所以柏拉图本人是不太喜欢模仿这个概念，但是亚里士多德确实在积极的意义上提到模仿说的。他也说戏剧是模仿某种对象的，但是请注意在亚里士多德的语境中 ，这样的模仿对象并不是理念，而是行动。 那么什么是行动呢？ 不是随便发生的任何事情都能算是行动，行动必须得有人类的意志与选择的参与，而且这些事情的效果也得有重大的意义。

33. So Plato himself was not particularly fond of the concept of mimesis, but Aristotle indeed mentioned it in a positive sense. He also said that drama is a mimesis of some object, but please note that in Aristotle's context, the object of such mimesis is not an idea, but action. So what is action? Not just any event that happens at random can be considered an action; action must involve human will and choice, and the effects of these events must also have significant meaning.

34. 说说你读完本文的感受并找出你最喜欢的句子，说明理由。

34. Talk about your feelings after reading this article and identify your favorite sentence, explaining the reason.

35. (设计意图：遵循阅读规律，充分尊重学生的自主阅读的体验，以学生阅读心理为切口，激活阅读思维。)

35. (Design intention: Follow the reading patterns, fully respect the students' autonomous reading experience, and use the students' reading psychology as the entry point to activate the reading thinking.)

36. 好，就此我们对于亚里士多德的人生哲学的各个环节的讨论，大致已经结束了。在下面一回中，我将对这个板块的内容进行小结，但为了让我们的回顾不至于太重复前面的内容，这一回顾也将结合对于罗马思想史的介绍来进行。我们下回见。

36. Well, the discussion of the various aspects of Aristotle's philosophy of life has roughly come to an end. In the next issue, I will summarize the contents of this section, but to avoid repetition of the previous content in our review, this review will also be combined with an introduction to the history of Roman thought. See you next time.

37. [理论依据]教学过程 是学生---文本----教师三者对话的过程，学生作为文本阅读的主体，因其阅读期待、阅读心境、阅读动机的不同，他们的阅读体验和感受也是独特的，而教师作为引导者，在课堂教学过程 中应该突出学生的主体地位，充分尊重这种阅读主体的独特感受和体会，在实现师生的平等对话中，提高学生的阅读能力、语言感受能力。

37. [Theoretical Basis] The teaching process is a dialogue among students, texts, and teachers. As the main subjects of text reading, students have unique experiences and feelings due to their different reading expectations, reading moods, and reading motivations. As the guide, teachers should highlight the students' main status in the classroom teaching process, fully respect the unique feelings and insights of these reading subjects, and in the process of achieving equal dialogue between teachers and students, enhance students' reading ability and language perception ability.

38. 戏剧家要如何做到通过虚构具体的人物，来完成对于抽象的人性原则的诠释的呢？亚里士多德的答案是这样的，靠模仿。

38. How can a dramatist achieve the interpretation of abstract human principles through the creation of fictional characters? Aristotle's answer is this: through imitation.

39. 明确：这里作者站在斯科特的角度，表达了角逐失败后的一种极度沮丧、悲哀的心情。古语说：“成者王侯败者贼寇”，在一定程度上是对人们接受心里以及社会现实氛围的揭示。

39. Clarification: Here, the author speaks from Scott's perspective and expresses an extreme sense of desolation and sadness after failing in the competition. As an old saying goes, "The victor is a king or a noble, and the loser a rebel or pirate," which, to some extent, reveals the psychological acceptance and social atmosphere of people.

40. 情感态度：感受人物崇叩木衿分剩嘌沤岷献鳌⒂掠谖木瘢妨⒄访娑允О艿娜松取

40. Emotional Attitude: Feel the respect and admiration for the character's modesty, sincerity, and dedication.

41. 为了说明这一点，我举个例子。如果你看了一部纪录片，仅仅描述非洲的居民生活有多惨，你仅仅会感到悲悯，并因为自己的生活尚属小康而产生我毕竟没有投胎在非洲的那种小确幸。于是你就会觉得你看到的就是别人的事情，而不是自己的事情。

41. To illustrate this point, let me give you an example. If you watch a documentary that merely depicts the dire living conditions of the residents in Africa, you would only feel compassion, and due to the relatively comfortable life you lead, you would experience a sense of small joy that you weren't born in Africa. As a result, you would feel as though what you're seeing is someone else's affairs, not your own.

42. ⑴课文第2段中“对人类来说，第一个到达者拥有一切，第二个到达者什么也不是。”作者要表达的是什么意思

42. (1) In the second paragraph of the text, "To humans, the first arrival has everything, and the second arrival is nothing." What does the author intend to convey?

43. 好，如果观众已经意识到了，命运本身竟然有着如此恐怖的力量，我相信任何一个观众也会联想到这样的问题。我们自己又比俄狄浦斯强多少呢？他连人面狮身的女妖斯芬克斯都不怕，却最终打不过命运，难道我们这些凡夫俗子就能打败命运吗？胜天半子，难道永远是一种奢望吗？

43. Well, if the audience has realized that fate itself possesses such terrifying power, I believe any audience member would be led to ponder such a question. How much stronger are we than Oedipus ourselves? He was not afraid even of the sphinx, the creature with the body of a woman and the head of a lion, yet he could not overcome fate in the end. Does that mean we ordinary people can defeat fate? Can winning against heaven always be a mere illusion?

44. 导入：鲁迅先生曾经说过，“悲剧就是把有价值的东西毁灭给人看。”那么伟大的悲剧又会是什么样的呢现在，我们就来看奥地利作家茨威格是怎样用斯科特的故事给我们解答这个疑问的。

44. Introduction: Mr. Lu Xun once said, "Tragedy is to show people the destruction of something valuable." Then, what kind of great tragedy would it be? Now, let's see how the Austrian writer Zweig answers this question for us through the story of Scott.

45. 以莎士比亚的名剧《李尔王》中的主人公李尔王为例，他当然首先是一个具体的人，有名字叫李尔，因此他有戏剧舞台上的行动力。注意抽象的概念是不能行动的，只有人才能行动。但同时李尔王又是个典型的心地善良、但头脑不太清醒的糊涂蛋。虽然心眼不错，但是识别人心的能力非常弱，不晓得自己的三个女儿中谁才是真正的好人。 莎士比亚来刻画李尔王这个人物，就是要表示某种一般性的概念，即单纯的善良，如果不能与适当的警觉心这种德性相互结合，反而就会造成不堪的后果。 但这种观点若仅仅是以命题的方式表现出来，而不化身为一个具体的人的具体的行动，就会变得枯燥无味。对于受过哲学训练的人来说，他们大概能够听懂这个命题是什么，但没有办法起到教育大众的作用。

45. Taking the protagonist of Shakespeare's famous play "King Lear" as an example, he is, of course, first and foremost a concrete individual with the name Lear, and thus he possesses the dynamism to act on the stage of drama. Note that abstract concepts cannot act; only humans can. However, King Lear is also a typical character who is kind-hearted but not very clear-headed. Although he has a good heart, his ability to discern the hearts of others is very weak, and he doesn't know which of his three daughters is truly good. Shakespeare's portrayal of King Lear is to express some general concept, namely, simple goodness, which, if not combined with the virtue of appropriate vigilance, can lead to dire consequences. But if this view is only expressed in the form of a proposition without being embodied in the concrete actions of a specific individual, it will become dry and boring. For those trained in philosophy, they may understand what this proposition is, but they cannot serve as an educational tool for the masses.

46. ⑶“斯科特接受了这项任务，他要忠实地去履行这一最冷酷无情地职责：在世界面前为另一个人完成地业绩作证，而这一事业正是他自己所热烈追求的。”为什么说是“最冷酷无情地职责”“忠实”一词有怎样的含义

46. ⑶ "Scott accepted this task, to loyally fulfill this most cold-hearted duty: to vouch for another person's achievements before the world, which is precisely the cause he passionately pursued himself." Why is it called the "most cold-hearted duty"? What does the word "loyally" imply?

47. (设计意图：遵循叙述类文体阅读规律，要求学生用一句话概括全文内容，引导学生整体感知课文，又训练学生筛选信息思维能力。)

47. (Design purpose: Following the reading pattern of narrative writing, the requirement is that students summarize the entire text in one sentence, guiding students to have an overall perception of the text, and training students' ability to screen information.)

48. 一坚持不懈，懈：松懈。坚持到底，毫不松懈，形容做事持之以恒，比喻有恒心，有毅力。出自《清史稿·刘体重传》：“煦激励兵团，坚持不懈，贼穷蹙乞降，遂复濮州。”《伟大的悲剧》：“到中午，这五个坚持不懈的人已经走了14公里。”

48. To persist in doing something, not give up: to become lax. To persist to the end, never giving up, describes someone who is persistent in their actions, illustrating constancy and perseverance. It is quoted from "Qing Shi Gao - Liu Zisheng's biography": "The general, with encouragement, persisted in his efforts, and as a result, the rebels were cornered and sought surrender, eventually leading to the recovery of Pu Zhou." From "The Great Tragedy": "By noon, these five persistent individuals had already walked 14 kilometers."

49. 扮演一个角色，最重要的是真实，世事无常，人生苦短，在这个意义上，所有的戏都是悲剧。越是严肃地看待自己的角色，越有可能碰对戏的核。喻恩泰

49. The most important thing in playing a role is authenticity. As the saying goes, things in the world are ever-changing, and life is short. In this sense, all plays are tragedies. The more seriously one treats their role, the more likely they are to hit the core of the play. Yu Entai.

50. 但为何这么说呢？先从悲悯开始讲。悲悯显然是悲剧的重要因素，否则悲剧又为何叫悲剧呢？但是悲悯本身并不是某种廉价的眼泪，悲剧也不是某种廉价的催泪剧。什么叫催泪剧呢？就是反复表现主人公的人生有多么的悲催，让大家一哭了事。但哭完观众突然意识到这是戏，又突然意识到自己的生活其实比主人公要好上太多，于是又心生小确幸怡然自得起来。这种低级的催泪剧本身很可能会成为某种伪善的道具，不能够起到教化城邦公民道德的作用。

50. But why do I say that? Let's start with compassion. Compassion is obviously an important factor in tragedy, otherwise why is tragedy called tragedy? However, compassion itself is not some cheap tears, and tragedy is not some cheap melodrama. What is a melodrama? It is the repeated depiction of how tragic the protagonist's life is, just to make everyone cry. But after crying, the audience suddenly realizes that it's just a play, and then suddenly realizes that their own lives are actually much better than the protagonist's, and then they start feeling a sense of trivial happiness and contentment. Such low-level melodramas are likely to become props of hypocrisy, and cannot serve the purpose of educating the moral values of the citizens of the city-state.

51. 与之相比，在日本的最新**《福岛50死士》里面，东电公司的福岛核电站的前线人员，是要选择留下来与核电站共存亡呢？还是要选择做逃兵，远离此是非之地呢？这样的选择显然牵涉到了一个行动。因为相关的人员是运用了他们的自由意志来参与这些选择的，同时他们的选择又关系到了几千万人的生命。按照**里的剧情的描述，如果福岛核电站的十几个核反应堆全部崩溃，半个日本将进入万劫不复的境地，而整个东北亚的生态环境也会出现不可修复的问题，所以福岛50死士的选择就值得成为戏剧刻画的对象。而我在看这部片子的时候，到底嘴巴里嚼的是薯条还是巧克力，则相对不值一提。

51. In contrast, in the latest Japanese movie "Fukushima 50", the frontline staff of Tokyo Electric Power Company's Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant are faced with a choice: should they stay and face the nuclear power plant together, or should they desert and flee from this controversial place? Such a choice obviously involves an action. Because the personnel involved have used their free will to make these choices, and their decisions are related to the lives of tens of millions of people. According to the plot description in the movie, if all the ten or so nuclear reactors at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant were to collapse, half of Japan would be plunged into an irreversible state of disaster, and the ecological environment of Northeast Asia would also face irreparable problems. Therefore, the choice of the "Fukushima 50" is worthy of being portrayed in a drama. As for what I was chewing in my mouth while watching this movie, whether it was potato chips or chocolate, is relatively insignificant.

52. 历史有如悲剧，要没有**、罪恶、灾难，在其中掀风作浪，就会显得毫无生气，令人生厌。伏尔泰

52. History is like a tragedy, without vice, sin, and disaster stirring up storms within it, it would seem lifeless and unappealing. Voltaire

53. ③不幸的奥茨先是要求给他十片吗啡，以图尽快结束自己，其他队员坚决拒绝了他的要求;第二天，他独自走向了帐篷外的茫茫风雪。

53. ③ The unfortunate Oz first demanded ten doses of morphine in order to end his life as soon as possible, but the other team members firmly refused his request; the next day, he walked alone into the vast snowstorm outside the tent.

54. ⑵在人物刻画上，作者扎住了细节描写，通过人物的动作、语言、心理等方面的细致描写，表现人物性格。

54. (2) In terms of character portrayal, the author focuses on detailed descriptions, using the characters' actions, language, and psychology to finely depict their personalities.

55. 2大家

56. 3同学讲述完之后，请同学们用简单的话评价故事。(要称赞)

55. After Class 2 and Class 3 have finished telling the story, please let the students evaluate the story in simple terms (and be positive).

57. 需要注意的是，上面我们所说的这个戏剧本身，无疑是带有浓重的宿命论或者是命定论色彩的。而从哲学角度上来看，命定论未必是一种正确的哲学观点，别的哲学家或许会提出一种与之相互对抗的观点。在这种情况下，有的人就会问了，假设命定论本身就是一种错误的哲学观点，那么看一部宣扬命定论的戏剧，这件事本身还有意义吗？答案是有。因为这样的戏剧，至少能够将那些没有受过哲学训练观众的心智，提高到比较高的思想高度。即使得他们能够去思考命定论对不对，人的力量在命运之前是否真正是无边际的。

57. It should be noted that the drama we mentioned above undoubtedly carries a strong aura of fatalism or determinism. From a philosophical perspective, determinism may not necessarily be a correct philosophical viewpoint, and other philosophers may propose a viewpoint that counters it. In this case, some people might ask, if determinism itself is an erroneous philosophical viewpoint, does it still have any significance to watch a drama that promotes determinism? The answer is yes. Because such dramas can at least elevate the intellectual level of audiences who have not received philosophical training to a higher level of thought. Even if it makes them ponder whether determinism is right or wrong, and whether human power is truly limitless in the face of destiny.

58. 2读了这篇文章，或许你对英雄对成败有了新的认识和体会。在你的心中，到底谁是真正的英雄;在生活中，我们怎样看待成败请以《真心英雄》为题写下你的认识和感受。教师可播放周华健的歌曲《真心英雄》营造氛围。

58. 2 After reading this article, you may have a new understanding and insight into the concept of heroes and success or failure. In your heart, who is the true hero? And how do we view success or failure in life? Please write down your understanding and feelings with the title "True Heroes." Teachers can play the song "True Heroes" by Zhou Huajian to create an atmosphere.

59. 下面的 句子 不应忘记。

59. The following sentence should not be forgotten.

60. 明确：斯科特内心是十分痛苦和极度失望的。“耀武扬威”、“洋洋得意”这两个词语，运用拟人的修辞手法，生动形象的写出了挪威国旗迎风招展的样子，这也代表了胜利者阿蒙森得意的神情。这就与斯科特他们此刻的痛苦、失望的心情形成了鲜明的对比。更加突出了斯科特的当时的悲哀的心情。

60. Clarification: Scott was extremely distressed and deeply disappointed. The words "boastfully" and "with pride," using personification, vividly and vividly describe the Norwegian flag fluttering in the wind, which also represents the triumphant Amundsen's smug expression. This forms a sharp contrast with the pain and disappointment of Scott and his companions at that moment, further highlighting Scott's sorrowful mood at the time.

61. 攀登最**的人取笑一切悲剧和悲伤，严肃的态度。尼采

61. The climbers who scale the highest peaks mock all tragedies and sorrows, maintaining a serious demeanor. Nietzsche

62. 认知总是让人冷静的，并使得悲悯能够得以被克制。而另外一种与悲悯相互制衡的力量，就是我前面所说到的畏惧。畏惧乃是优秀的悲剧，能够迅速将自己与低级的催泪剧，拉开档次的最重要的情绪力量。

62. Cognition always brings calmness and enables compassion to be controlled. The other force that counterbalances compassion is the fear I mentioned earlier. Fear is an excellent tragic emotion that can quickly distinguish itself from the inferior tearjerker, making it the most important emotional power to elevate the level of tragedy.

63. 好，现在我们说回去来看看亚里士多德对于悲剧的看法。从哲学角度上来看，多看悲剧，进而多看戏，它有啥好处呢？这是因为戏剧中的人物乃是一般性与具体性的统一，是哲学的抽象性与生活的具体性之间的中介，对于这些戏剧人物的行为的了解，能够帮助观众以最简约的方式看到不同的性格、不同的世界观彼此碰撞后的结果。

63. Well, now let's take a look back at Aristotle's views on tragedy. From a philosophical perspective, what are the benefits of spending more time observing tragedies and plays? This is because the characters in drama are a unity of the general and the specific, acting as a mediator between the abstractness of philosophy and the specificity of life. Understanding the actions of these dramatic characters can help the audience see the outcomes of different characters and different worldviews colliding with the utmost simplicity.

64. 前面我们提到了各种社会组织结构的种种不同的组织原则，当然我们大家都很希望进入那些德性积分比较高的社会组织，但人生中多有不如意之事，邪恶暂时压制善良的现象，甚至还并不少见。

64. We have mentioned the various organizational principles of different social organizational structures earlier. Of course, we all hope to join those social organizations with higher moral credits. However, it is common in life to encounter unpleasant things, and the temporary suppression of goodness by evil is not uncommon.

65. 我们再举一个例子，根据日本作家井池户润的小说《我们是泡沫入行组》，以及《我们是花样泡沫组》改编的现象级日剧《半泽直树》，也可以为亚里士多德的这种戏剧观提供一个注解。这部剧集里的主人公半泽直树比较好地统一了公益心、勇敢、智慧等种种美德，因此引发了观众的大量共鸣。但是你如果抽象地说半泽直树这人很有公益心，很勇敢很智慧，然后写成一句句子，谁会去看这部戏呢？

65. To give another example, based on the novel "We Are the Bubble Entry Group" by the Japanese author Ichie Tanikawa, as well as the phenomenon-level Japanese TV drama "Half"改编自《我们是花样泡沫组》, we can also provide an annotation for Aristotle's view of drama. The protagonist, Nao Omura, in this drama series is a good example of a character who has unified various virtues such as public spirit, courage, and wisdom, thus resonating with a large audience. However, if you were to abstractly say that Nao Omura is very altruistic, very brave, and very wise, and put it into a sentence, who would be interested in watching this drama?

66. ④斯科特海军上校极其冷静地将 日记 记录到他生命的最后一息，直到他的手指完全冻僵，笔从手中滑下来为止。

66. ④ Admiral Scott recorded his diary with the utmost calmness right up to the last breath of his life, until his fingers were completely frozen and the pen slipped from his hand.

67. (设计意图：以此导入 课堂学习，创设凝重、沉思的气氛，建起学生学习课文的情感基础，激发学生对课文、人物的兴趣，调动学生思维。)

67. (Design intention: Use this to introduce classroom learning, create a solemn and contemplative atmosphere, establish the emotional foundation for students to learn the text, stimulate students' interest in the text and characters, and activate students' thinking.)

68. 生活是一种极可怕的苦役。狄更斯

68. Life is an extremely可怕的苦役。Dickens

69. 明确：本文节选了传记中斯特一行从南极绝望而归以至悲壮覆灭的部分。梗概：斯科特探险队一行五人筋疲力尽却又满怀希望地奔向极点，却悲哀的发现已有人捷足先登，只好垂头丧气地踏上归途。途中遭遇恶劣气候，与严寒风雪进行了惨烈的搏斗，最后悲壮的死去。

69. Clarification: This section of the biography selects the part where Scott's expedition team, consisting of five members, returned from the South Pole in despair and ultimately met a tragic end. Summary: The Scott expedition team, exhausted but filled with hope, rushed towards the pole, only to tragically find that someone had reached it first, and had to return dejectedly. On the way back, they encountered severe weather conditions and engaged in a fierce battle with intense cold and snowstorms, ultimately meeting a heroic but tragic demise.

70. ①历尽艰险到达极点，等待他们的却是占领者阿蒙森留下的国旗和信件，并要斯科特这个失败者见证他们完成的业绩，而斯科特毫不犹豫地接受了这项任务。

70. ① After braving all kinds of dangers and reaching the pole, what they found was the flag and letter left behind by the occupying Amundsen, asking Scott, the loser, to witness their achievement. Scott accepted this task without hesitation.

71. 通过速读、默读，从时间、地点、人物等角度，概括课文的主要内容，理清作者的写作脉络。

71. By skimming and silent reading, summarize the main content of the text from perspectives such as time, place, and characters, and clarify the author's writing logic.

72. 被认为是傻子的科学家：本世纪最著名的物理学家爱因斯坦，童年时并不显得聪明，3岁时才学会说话，父母因而认为他是一个傻子。上学后，有位老师对他父亲说："你的孩子将是一事无成"，甚至勒令他退学。16岁时，他报考苏黎世大学，又因成绩差而名落孙山。但他并不恢心。通过勤奋学习，成了杰出的物理学奠基人。曾有青年问他是怎样成功的，他写下了这样一个公式：a=x y z(a代表成功，x代表勤奋学习、工作，y代表好的学习方法，z代表少说废话)。

72. Scientist considered a fool: The most famous physicist of the 20th century, Einstein, was not particularly intelligent as a child. He did not learn to speak until he was 3 years old, and his parents thought he was mentally retarded. After he started school, a teacher told his father, "Your child will amount to nothing," and even demanded that he be expelled from school. At the age of 16, he took the entrance exam for the University of Zurich and failed, again due to poor grades. However, he did not lose heart. Through diligent study, he became an outstanding founder of physics. Once a young person asked him how he achieved success, he wrote down this formula: a = x y z (where a represents success, x represents diligent study and work, y represents good study methods, and z represents talking less nonsense).

73. 导语设计：(多媒体展示南极)同学们，在地球的最南端南极是怎样一个世界吗你所知道的南极是什么样子的(学生借助手中的资料回答问题，教师通过课件进行补充)好，刚才同学们说得都很好，在我们人类探索自然、征服自然的步伐中，南极这个荒芜人烟的大地上长眠了几位英国的探险英雄。奥地利作家茨威格用他那充满激情的笔调记录了这个伟大的悲剧。今天，就让我们走进历史，一同去感受那悲壮的一幕吧!

73. Introduction Design: (Multimedia presentation of Antarctica) Students, what kind of world is Antarctica at the southernmost tip of the Earth? What do you know about Antarctica? (Students answer the question with the help of the materials in their hands, and the teacher supplements with the PowerPoint presentation) Well, the answers you all gave are very good. In the process of human exploration and conquest of nature, several British explorers lie in eternal rest on this desolate land of Antarctica. The Austrian writer Zweig recorded this great tragedy with his passionate pen. Today, let's delve into history and experience that solemn scene together!

74. 既然是探险，就不可能是一帆风顺的坦途，必然会遇到艰险和困难等着我们去克服。然而，无限风光在险峰，越是艰险的地方，我们越要迎难而上。下面的学习需要大家拿出勇气和智慧，看大家是不是一个个勇敢的探险家。

74. Since it is an exploration, it cannot be a smooth and easy path; it will inevitably encounter dangers and difficulties waiting for us to overcome. However, the most beautiful scenery is often found on the steepest peaks. The more perilous the place, the more we should face the challenges head-on. The following learning requires everyone to summon courage and wisdom, and let's see if each of you is a brave explorer.

75. 但只要经历，即使是失败的，也从不会是无益的。

75. But experience, even failure, is never futile.

76. 结合你的生活实际和平日所积累的名人的故事、 名言 ，用简洁流畅的语言，谈谈你学完本课的感受

76. Based on your personal experience and the stories and sayings of famous people you have accumulated, discuss your feelings after completing this course in simple and fluent language.

77. 对于诗人来说，最大的悲剧莫过于由于误解而受到钦佩。科克托

77. For a poet, the greatest tragedy is to be admired through misunderstanding. Cocteau

78. 毋宁(w)羸弱(li)告罄(qng)遗孀(shuāng)

78. Rather than being weak and impoverished, the widow (shuāng) has run out of her inheritance (qìng).

79. 我在设计这节课时努力实践这些新课程理念，充分突出学生的主体地位选择 教学方法 ，整堂课以情感体验为教学主线，通过整体感知、细节品味等途径，运用朗读、讨论等方法，引导学生深入文本，感受人物心理，与高贵伟大的灵魂对话;与自己对话、与同学老师对话，在这种感受、体验、交流的课堂学习过程中逐渐提升情感态度价值观。

79. In designing this lesson, I have actively practiced these new curriculum concepts, fully highlighting the students' main status in choosing teaching methods. The whole class is guided by the emotional experience as the main teaching thread, using methods such as recitation and discussion, and through means like overall perception and detailed appreciation, to lead students to delve into the text, feel the characters' psychology, and converse with noble and great souls; to have dialogues with oneself, with classmates and teachers. In this process of classroom learning filled with feelings, experiences, and exchanges, the emotional attitudes and values are gradually enhanced.