1. 吾日三省吾身：为人谋而不忠乎？与朋友交而下信乎？传不习乎？

1. I examine myself three times a day: Am I loyal in planning for others? Am I trustworthy in my dealings with friends? Have I neglected to study what I was taught?

2. 诗人是在用这首诗感慨自己的遭遇辛苦遭逢起一经,干戈寥落四周星他是用自己的汗水十年寒窗考上的文官,却不得不指挥军队保护江山山河破碎风飘絮,身世浮沉雨打萍他能力有限,无法抵挡住敌人的进攻,致使江山沦陷他一边在抒发着自己的忠君情操打算一死抱国,又一边痛恨自己的能力不足,无法保护自己的国家从惶恐滩头说惶恐就可以看出,诗人为自己努力做出的结果是非常伤心的,而零丁洋里叹零丁又道出了那时的人心不齐,想保护国家的人少之又少人生自古谁无死,留取丹心照汗青诗人没有保护住国家,只要退而求其次,以自己的死来表明自己的忠心和伤悲,让后世来尊敬他

2. The poet is expressing his feelings of hardship and misfortune through this poem. "He suffered through the hardships of life, and at the age of 20, he rose to become an official through his own sweat and tears, studying diligently for ten years. Yet, he had to command the army to protect the kingdom. With the mountains and rivers in ruins and the wind blowing away the remnants of the fallen, his life was like a floating lotus leaf in the rain. His abilities were limited, and he could not withstand the enemy's attack, leading to the fall of the kingdom. On one hand, he is expressing his loyalty and devotion, willing to die for the country; on the other hand, he regrets his own inadequacies, unable to protect his own nation. From the words 'saying 'fear' at the fear-stricken beach,' it can be seen that the poet was deeply hurt by the results of his efforts. And the phrase 'sighing lonely in the middle of the lonely ocean' also reveals that people's hearts were not united at that time, with few wanting to protect the country. Since life is full of death from the very beginning, it is best to leave a loyal heart that shines through history. The poet failed to protect the country, but by choosing death, he could at least express his loyalty and sorrow, allowing future generations to respect him.

3. 词义缩小。“率妻子邑人来此绝境”中“妻子”在古代包括“妻子和儿女”。现在只表示“男子的配偶”，词义范围变窄了。

3. Narrowing of meaning. In the sentence "率妻子邑人来此绝境," the character "妻子" in ancient times included both "spouse and children." Now, it only refers to "the spouse of a man," thus narrowing the scope of its meaning.

4. 卫公孙朝问于子贡曰：仲尼焉学？子贡曰：文武之道，未坠于地，在人，贤者，识其大者，不贤者，识其小者，莫不有文武之道焉。夫子焉不学，而亦何常师之有。

4. Wei Gongsun Zhao asked Zi Gong: Where did Confucius learn? Zi Gong replied: The way of Wen and Wu has not fallen to the ground; it is among people. The wise recognize its greater aspects, and the unwise recognize its lesser aspects. Everyone has the way of Wen and Wu within them. Master, where could he not learn, and why would he have a constant teacher?

5. 39相见欢（无言独上西楼） 李煜

5. "The Joy of Meeting Again" (Alone Ascending the Western Tower in Silence) by Li Yu

6. 另外还要注意词类活用、古今异义、通假、偏义复词等特殊现象。（

6. In addition, special phenomena such as word class changes, differences in meaning between ancient and modern times, homophones, and partial compound words should also be noted.

7. 吾日三省吾身：为人谋而不忠乎？与朋友交而不信乎？传不习乎？

7. I examine myself three times a day: Am I loyal in planning for others? Am I trustworthy in my friendships? Have I neglected to study what I have been taught?

8. 士不可以不弘毅，任重而道远。仁以为已任，不亦重乎？死而后已，不亦远乎？

8. A gentleman cannot be without fortitude and perseverance, for he has a heavy burden and a long journey ahead. To take benevolence as one's responsibility, is it not heavy? To die and have it end there, is it not distant?

9. 言未及之而言，谓之躁；言及之而不言，谓之隐；未见颜色而言，谓之瞽。

9. To speak when not prompted is called impetuous; to fail to speak when prompted is called reserved; to speak without observing the facial expressions is called blind.

10. 29白雪歌送武判官归京（北风卷地白草折） 岑参

10. Song to the Snow for the Return of Wu Panjun to the Capital (The north wind sweeps the ground, the white grass bends) —岑参

11. 「辛苦遭逢起一经，干戈寥落四周星。」作者在面临生死关头，回忆一生，感慨万千。他抓住了两件大事，一是以明经入仕，二是「勤王」。以此两端起笔，极好地写出了当时的历史背景和个人心境。「干戈寥落」，是就国家整个局势而言。据《宋史》记载，朝廷徵天下兵，但像文天祥那样高举义旗为国捐躯者寥寥无几。作者用「干戈寥落」四字，暗含着对苟且偷生者的愤激，对投降派的谴责！

11. "Endured hardships, a classic poem starts, amidst the desolation of war and weapons, the stars in the four directions are sparse." The author, facing the moment of life and death, reminisces about his entire life, filled with deep emotions. He focuses on two major events: first, his entry into the civil service through passing the classic examination, and second, his dedication to the king's cause. Starting from these two points, he beautifully portrays the historical background of the time and his personal feelings. "The desolation of war and weapons" refers to the overall situation of the country. According to the "History of Song," the court summoned troops from all over the country, but there were few like Wen Tianxiang who raised the banner of righteousness and sacrificed themselves for the country. The author uses the phrase "the desolation of war and weapons" to subtly express his anger towards those who merely seek to survive, and his condemnation of the traitors!

12. 分析文章内容和写作方法，主要失误有：①不着眼于全篇，孤立地回答问题；②不善于概括表达，概括不准、不全；③抓不住要点，答非所问。

12. Analyzing the content of the article and the writing method, the main mistakes include: ① Failing to consider the entire article and answering questions in isolation; ② Not good at summarizing and expressing ideas, with inaccurate and incomplete summaries; ③ Not grasping the key points, and not answering the questions asked.

13. 词类活用。在古代汉语中，某些词可按照一定的语言习惯灵活运用，临时改变其词性，这是文言实词的词类活用现象。在平时的学习、朗读过程中，要把握这种语言现象，一般有下列几种情况：

13. Word Classification and Usage. In ancient Chinese, certain words can be flexibly used according to certain language habits, temporarily changing their word classes, which is a phenomenon of word classification usage of classical Chinese vocabulary. In daily study and recitation, it is necessary to grasp this linguistic phenomenon, which generally includes the following several situations:

14. ，文天祥的军队被元兵打败后，曾从皇恐滩一带撤退到福建。当时前临大海，后有追兵，如何闯过那九死一生的险境，转败为胜是他最忧虑、最惶悚不安的事情。而今军队溃败，身为俘虏，被押送过零丁洋，能不感到孤苦伶仃？这一联特别富有情味，「惶恐滩」与「零丁洋」两个带有感情色彩的地名自然相对，而又被作者运用来表现他昨日的「惶恐」与眼前的「零丁」，真可谓诗史上的绝唱！

14. After the army of Wen Tianxiang was defeated by the Yuan troops, they had to retreat to Fujian from the area of Huangkongtan. At that time, they were faced with the vast sea in front and pursuing troops behind, and how to navigate through the perilous situation of life and death, and turn defeat into victory, was his greatest concern and source of anxiety. Now, with the army in disarray and himself captured, being escorted across the Lingdingyang, could he not feel lonely and desolate? This couplet is particularly rich in emotional depth. The names "Huangkongtan" and "Lingdingyang," both carrying emotional connotations, naturally stand in contrast to each other, and the author uses them to express his yesterday's "fear" and today's "solitude," which truly can be regarded as a masterpiece in the annals of poetry!

15. 生而知之者，上也；学而知之者，次也；困而学之，又其次也；困而不学，民斯为下矣。

15. Those who are born knowing, are the highest; those who learn and know, are the next; those who struggle and learn, are again the next; and those who struggle but do not learn, are the lowest among the people.

16. 贤贤易色；事父母能竭其力；事君能致身；与朋友交言而有信。虽曰未学，吾谓之学矣。

16. It is easy to show filial piety and respect; to give one's full effort in serving one's parents; to sacrifice oneself in serving one's ruler; and to speak with sincerity and trust in one's friends. Even if they say they have not studied, I would call it learning.

17. 5邹忌讽齐王纳谏 战国策

17. 5 Zhuangzi Mocks King Qi of the Warring States (Zhan Guo Ce)

18. 41浣溪沙（一曲新词酒一杯） 晏殊

18. "Yi Ci Xin Ci (One New Poem, One Cup of Wine)" by Yan Zhongxu

19. 反坫，反爵之坫，在两楹之间。人君别内外於门，树屏以蔽之。若与邻国为好会，其献酢之礼更酌，酌毕则各反爵於坫上。今管仲皆僭为之，如是，是不知礼。

19. The stand for the cup and the stand for the wine jar are located between the two pillars. The ruler distinguishes between the inner and outer court at the gate, and sets up screens to conceal it. If there is a friendly gathering with a neighboring country, the ritual of offering wine is done with a second cup, and after drinking, each person returns their cup to the stand. Now, Guan Zhong has overstepped this by doing so, which shows that he is unaware of the proper etiquette.

20. 朝服衣冠，窥镜（早晨） 于是入朝见威王（朝廷） 燕、赵、韩、魏闻之，皆朝于齐（朝拜）

20. Adorned in court attire, he looked at himself in the mirror (in the morning) and then went to court to see King Wei (the imperial court). Yan, Zhao, Han, and Wei, upon hearing this, all came to pay homage to Qi (the court).

21. 另一部分《经上》《经下》《经说上》《经说下》《大取》《小取》等6篇，一般称作墨辩或墨经，着重阐述墨家的认识论和逻辑思想，还包含许多自然科学的内容，反映了后期墨家的思想。西晋鲁胜、乐壹都为《墨子》一书作过注释，已散失。如今的通行本有孙诒让的《墨子闲诂》，以及《诸子集成》所收录的版本。

21. Another part consists of six chapters, including "Jing Shang" (Classic Above), "Jing Xia" (Classic Below), "Jing Shuo Shang" (Explanations Above), "Jing Shuo Xia" (Explanations Below), "Da Qu" (Great Collection), and "Xiao Qu" (Lesser Collection), which are generally referred to as Mo dialectics or Mo Canon. These focus on elaborating the epistemology and logical thoughts of the Mo school, and also contain many contents of natural sciences, reflecting the thoughts of the later Mo school. Lu Sheng of the Western Jin Dynasty and Le Yi both commented on the book "Mozi," which has since been lost. The current popular version includes Sun Yilao's "Mozi Xian Gu" (Explanations of Mozi) and the version included in "Zhu Zi J集成" (Collection of Various Schools).

22. 第四题一般是翻译题。文言文语句的翻译，要注意以下几种情况：①词类活用；②古今异义词；③一词多义；④通假字；⑤特殊句式等。运用不同的方法去翻译，做到准确、流畅。

22. The fourth question is generally a translation question. When translating classical Chinese sentences, attention should be paid to the following situations: ①the flexibility of word categories; ②words with different meanings in ancient and modern times; ③words with multiple meanings; ④homophones; ⑤special sentence structures, etc. Use different methods for translation to achieve accuracy and fluency.

23. 试题内容也保持相对的稳定，测试目的明确：从课内外名言名句的积累运用，到课内外文言文的阅读，再到课外现代文的阅读，最后是话题作文的写作。重视考查学生的知识积累，尤其是注重考查学生联系生活实际和生活经验，运用所学的知识分析问题、解决问题的能力。

23. The content of the test questions also maintains relative stability, with a clear testing purpose: from the accumulation and application of famous sayings and sentences from both classroom and extracurricular activities, to the reading of classical Chinese texts in and out of class, followed by the reading of modern Chinese texts outside of class, and finally the writing of topic essays. Emphasis is placed on examining students' knowledge accumulation, especially on evaluating students' ability to connect with real-life situations and experiences, and to analyze and solve problems using the knowledge they have learned.

24. 18蒹葭（蒹葭苍苍） 诗经

24. 18 "Jianjia (Jianjia Cangcang)" - Book of Songs

25. 初中文言文考点知识归纳、各文言文的内容讲解、题解

26. 在古汉语词汇中，实词占绝大多数，所以掌握常见的文言实词是正确阅读文言文的关键，也是中考文言文考查的重点。文言实词的重点是理解文言实词在特定语言环境中的不同含义。

25. Summary of key knowledge points for middle school Chinese classical literature, content explanation and question-solving of each classical text. 26. In ancient Chinese vocabulary, content words account for the majority, so mastering common classical content words is the key to correctly reading classical Chinese texts, and it is also the focus of the examination on classical Chinese in the middle school entrance examination. The focus of classical content words is to understand the different meanings of classical content words in different linguistic environments.

27. 近两年的中考试题，在试题结构、命题内容和题型、题量上基本上没有变化。试卷分为“积累”、“文言文阅读”、“现代文阅读”和“作文”四大板块。

27. In the past two years, there has been basically no change in the structure of the middle school entrance examination questions, the content of the questions, the types and quantity of the questions. The test papers are divided into four major sections: "Accumulation," "Classical Chinese Reading," "Modern Chinese Reading," and "Composition."

28. [唐宋八大家]唐代韩愈、柳宗元和宋代欧阳修、苏洵、苏轼、苏辙、王安石、曾巩等八位散文家的并称（因明代茅坤编辑《唐宋八大家文钞》收录其作品而得名）。

28. [The Eight Great Masters of Tang and Song] A collective title for the eight prose writers of the Tang Dynasty, including Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, and the Song Dynasty, including Ouyang Xiu, Su Qin, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi, and Zeng Gong (named after Mao Kun's compilation of their works, "The Selections of the Eight Great Masters of Tang and Song").

29. 通假字是指本应该用甲字，而使用时却借用与其意义毫不相干、只是音同或音近的乙字去代替它，乙字就是甲字的通假字。如“止有剩骨”（《狼》）中，“止”是通假字，而其本字是“只”。又如“满坐寂然”（《口技》）中，“坐”是通假字，其本字为“座”，初中课本中涉及的通假字，大约有六十个，我们列表把它们集中起来记忆。通假字的读音要按其本字的读音来读，如“将军身被坚执锐”中的“被”读作“pī”，通假字的意思也要按本字理解，“被”作“穿着”解释。

29. Homophonic characters refer to the situation where a character A, which should be used, is replaced by another character B that has no relation to its meaning, but only shares the same or similar pronunciation. Character B is the homophonic character of character A. For example, in the sentence "Only some bones are left" from the story "The Wolf," the character "止" is a homophonic character, and its original character is "只." Another example is in the sentence "The whole hall was silent" from the story "The Art of Speech," where "坐" is a homophonic character, and its original character is "座." There are about sixty homophonic characters involved in the textbooks for middle school, which we list and concentrate on for memory. The pronunciation of homophonic characters should follow the pronunciation of their original characters, such as the character "被" in the sentence "General, you are dressed in strong armor" should be pronounced as "pī." The meaning of homophonic characters should also be understood according to the original character, with "被" being interpreted as "wearing" or "dressed in."

30. 这句千古传诵的名言，是诗人用自己的鲜血和生命谱写的一曲理想人生的赞歌。全诗格调沉郁悲壮，浩然正气贯长虹，确是一首动天地、泣鬼神的伟大爱国主义诗篇。

30. This timeless maxim, chanted through the ages, is a song of praise for an ideal life composed by the poet with his own blood and life. The entire poem is solemn and heroic, with a noble and dignified spirit that spans like a rainbow, truly a great patriotic poem that moves the heavens and earth, and moves the ghosts and spirits to tears.

31. 君子敬而无失，与人恭而有礼，四海之内皆兄弟也，言忠信，行笃敬，虽蛮貊之邦，行矣。言不忠信，行不笃敬，虽州里，行乎哉？

31. A gentleman respects others without error, and behaves respectfully and with propriety towards others, so that all people in the world are like brothers. If one speaks with sincerity and faithfulness and acts with steadfast respect, even in barbarous lands, one can be successful. But if one speaks without sincerity and faithfulness and acts without steadfast respect, can one succeed even within one's own locality?

32. 作此诗20天后，崖山海战以宋朝惨败而结束，陆秀夫背赵昺跳海而死。宋朝最后一位皇帝死去，宋朝灭亡。

32. Twenty days after writing this poem, the Battle of Yamen ended with a惨败 for the Song Dynasty, and Lu Xiufu drowned himself in the sea while carrying Emperor Zhao Bing. The last emperor of the Song Dynasty died, and the Song Dynasty came to an end.