1. 一阵胡吵闹，令人不耐烦。

1. A burst of noise and chaos, it is rather irritating.

2. 概括性和科学性。概括性和科学性是农谚的最重要特点，由于农谚是口头相传的，必须简短流畅，便于记诵。但它的内容又很丰富，所以必须精练深刻，发人深思。许多农谚看来似属简单浅显，其实包含着深刻的科学原理，需要我们予以分析说明。例如种植绿肥的农谚：“若要草子好，经常三分燥。”一般地说，草子是喜欢湿润土壤的，但欢喜湿润并不等于不需要空气，农民特别指出“经常三分燥”。据科学研究证明，草子田土壤的湿度以70%左右最好，由于地下水位降低，增加了氧化层的厚度，缩短了还原层的厚度，可使根系及根瘤发展良好，这就是农谚的概括性和科学性所在。其他如“麦浇芽，菜浇花”6个字就概括了两种冬作的施肥关键；“山园直插，荡园斜插”，指出甘薯要根据不同水分条件，采取不同的扦插方式。“牛粪冷，马粪热”，在牛马粪中还分冷热，似乎没有道理，实际上由于牛、马的饮料不同，粪中微生物的活动也不同，发酵发热的能力是大有差别的。有些栽培措施不但影响产量而且影响品质。如农谚指出：“九耘谷无毛，三削麦无糟”，是很有道理的，应该如何解释透彻，还值得深入考虑。有些农谚必须通过科学研究才能揭发其理论意义，例如“种稻难种三黄稻”，“有钱难买大肚黄”。农民水稻专家陈永康提出的三黄三黑问题，几年来通过中国农业科学院江苏分院和陈永康同志一起搞科学实验，初步明确了“黄是代表晚稻个体发育过程中在转折点上的一种生理状态，每次落黄后，植株即转向另一新的阶段”。这才算初步阐释了三黄问题，但是，目前还存在不同意见的争论。农谚中像这种概括性强，富有深刻科学原理的，还有很多需要我们用现代科学知识或通过具体试验研究，予以分析提高。

2. Generality and Scientificity. Generality and scientificity are the most important characteristics of agricultural proverbs. Since agricultural proverbs are passed down orally, they must be concise and smooth, easy to memorize. However, their content is very rich, so they must be concise and profound, and thought-provoking. Many agricultural proverbs may seem simple and superficial at first glance, but in fact, they contain profound scientific principles that require analysis and explanation. For example, the agricultural proverb about planting green manure: "If you want the grass seeds to be good, keep them a little dry all the time." Generally speaking, grass seeds prefer moist soil, but liking moist soil does not mean they don't need air. Farmers particularly point out "keep them a little dry all the time." Scientific research has proven that the humidity of the soil in the grass seed field is best around 70%, due to the decrease in groundwater level, which increases the thickness of the oxidation layer and reduces the thickness of the reduction layer, allowing the root system and nodules to develop well, which is where the generality and scientificity of the agricultural proverb lie. Other proverbs like "wheat watering at the sprout stage, vegetable watering at the flowering stage" with just six characters summarize the key to fertilizing two winter crops; "straight insertion in mountain gardens, slanting insertion in water gardens," point out that sweet potatoes should be planted differently according to different water conditions. The saying "cattle manure is cold, horse manure is hot" seems to make no sense in the cold and hot classification of cattle and horse manure, but in fact, due to the different drinks of cattle and horses, the activities of microorganisms in the manure are also different, and the ability to ferment and heat is greatly different. Some cultivation measures not only affect yield but also quality. For example, the proverb points out: "No hair on the rice after nine weeding, no chaff on the wheat after three cuts," which makes sense. How to interpret it thoroughly is worth further consideration. Some proverbs must be uncovered through scientific research to reveal their theoretical significance, such as "it's hard to grow three yellow rice varieties," and "you can't buy big-bellied yellow rice with money." The expert on rice cultivation, Chen Yongkang, proposed the problem of "three yellows and three blacks," which was initially clarified through scientific experiments conducted by the Jiangsu分院 of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Chen Yongkang together over the past few years: "yellow represents a physiological state at a turning point in the individual development process of late rice. After each yellowing, the plant turns to another new stage." This is the preliminary interpretation of the "three yellows" issue, but there are still different opinions and debates at present. There are many proverbs with strong generality and profound scientific principles that require us to analyze and improve them using modern scientific knowledge or through specific experimental research.

3. 二十三糖瓜粘。

3. The sugar melon candies stick together.

4. 年到初五六，无酒又无肉。

4. By the fifth and sixth days of the year, there is neither wine nor meat.

5. 惊蛰：惊蛰天暖地气开，冬眠蛰虫清醒来，冬麦镇压来保墒，耕地耙耘种春麦。

5. Awakening of Insects: As the weather warms and the ground's energy awakens, the hibernating insects stir. Winter wheat is tamped down to retain moisture, and the land is tilled and plowed to plant spring wheat.

6. 年到二十六，年关难过出目汁。

6. By the age of 26, the New Year's Eve is a difficult time to endure, as it brings out the sweat (of worry or stress).

7. 十一、十二八宝粥。

7. Eleventh, twelfth, and eight-precious congee.

8. 大年初一街上走。

8. Walk on the streets on the first day of the Chinese New Year.

9. 初七、初八炸年糕。

9. On the 7th and 8th days of the New Year, make and fry rice cakes.

10. 二十六去买肉，二十七去宰鸡。

10. On the twenty-sixth, go to buy meat; on the twenty-seventh, go to slaughter chickens.

11. 小满：小满暖和春意浓，防治蚜虫麦秆蝇，稻田追肥促分孽，抓绒剪毛防冷风。

11. Xiaoman: As Xiaoman brings warmth and the essence of spring, take measures to prevent aphids and wheat straw flies. In rice fields, apply topdressing to promote tillering. Grab the wool and shear to protect against cold winds.

12. 年到初八九，打起包袱抓紧走。

12. By the time of the New Year, pack up and set off in a hurry.

13. 为了更好地总结农谚，有必要对千百年流传下来的农谚，就其句法结构和表达方法作些剖视，以便从中学习一些对发展新农谚、创造新农谚有益的经验。

13. In order to better summarize folk sayings, it is necessary to examine the syntactic structure and expression methods of folk sayings that have been passed down for thousands of years, so as to learn some experiences that are beneficial for developing new folk sayings and creating new ones.

14. 初二的面。

14. The second-grade face.

15. 地域性和普遍性。农谚的地域性，实际上反映了农业生产的地域性。例如不同地区作物种类不同，播种、收获季节不同等等。浙江农谚：“麦黄种麻，麻黄种麦”，陕西农谚则为“麦黄种糜，糜黄种麦”，这是作物因地域而不同。华北农谚“七金、八银、九铜、十铁”，“秋收不耕地，来年不能定主意”，这是反映北方冬季休闲、一年一熟耕作制的，在南方就不是这样，浙江农谚“草子种三年，坏田变好田”，“烂冬油菜旱冬麦”，反映浙江地区冬季不是种绿肥，就是种大小麦、油菜以及蚕豆、豌豆等，很少休闲，更没有七月八月就耕地准备过冬的。地域性差别最大的是播种期，华北种麦的适期是：“白露早，寒露迟，秋分种麦正当时”，浙江则是：“寒露早，立冬迟，霜降前后正当时”。种芝麻和小米，华北是：“小满芝麻芒种谷”，浙江则是“头伏芝麻二伏粟”。

15. Regionalism and Universality. The regionalism of agricultural proverbs actually reflects the regionalism of agricultural production. For example, different regions have different types of crops, different sowing and harvesting seasons, and so on. The Zhejiang agricultural proverb goes, "When wheat turns yellow, plant hemp; when hemp turns yellow, plant wheat," while the Shaanxi proverb is "When wheat turns yellow, plant millet; when millet turns yellow, plant wheat." This reflects the difference in crops due to regional variations. The North China agricultural proverb is "Seven gold, eight silver, nine copper, ten iron," and "If you don't plow the land in autumn, you can't make decisions for the next year," which reflects the winter leisure and annual cropping system in the north. This is not the case in the south. The Zhejiang proverb says, "Sow grass seeds for three years, and bad fields turn into good fields," and "Rotten winter rapeseed and dry winter wheat," reflecting that in Zhejiang, during the winter, either green manure is planted or wheat, rapeseed, and soybeans and peas, etc., are planted, with very little leisure, let alone plowing the land in July and August to prepare for winter. The greatest difference in regionalism is in the sowing period. The appropriate time for sowing wheat in North China is: "Early in the White Dew, late in the Cold Dew, sowing wheat at the equinox is the best time," while in Zhejiang it is: "Early in the Cold Dew, late in the Winter Solstice, the best time is around the time of the Frost Descent." For sesame and millet, in North China it is: "At the Grain in Full, sesame is planted, and at the Seedling Sprouting, millet is planted," while in Zhejiang it is: "In the first heat, sesame is planted, and in the second heat, millet is planted."

16. 年到二十四，爱买年料无主意。?>

16. From 16 to 24 years old, there's no idea on what to buy for the annual materials. ?>

17. 二十六，炖锅肉。

17. Twenty-six, stewed pot meat.

18. 谷雨：谷雨雪断霜未断，杂粮播种莫迟延，家燕归来淌头水，苗圃枝接耕果园。

18. Grains Rain: The snow at Grains Rain stops but the frost doesn't, don't delay in sowing mixed grains. The swallow returns with water dripping from its beak, branches are grafted in nurseries, and orchards are cultivated.

19. 二十三，灶王爷上了天。

19. The Kitchen God ascended to heaven on the 23rd day.

20. 9和11等12种句类中，共有14524条，占总数的9179%；而这12句类中，又以10、

20. Among the 12 types of sentences, such as 9 and 11, there are a total of 14,524, accounting for 9179% of the total. And among these 12 types of sentences, type 10 is the most prevalent.

21. 农谚的句法 农谚的句子比较精炼朴素，但是把大量的农谚加以排以分析，就可以发现农谚的句子也相当错综复杂。先就每句的字数看，据笔者就全国农谚15823条（约36万字）的分类统计，[3] 最少的是3字一条，最多的是196字一条。如将字数不同的各条称为一个“句类”，则从3字一条顺次到58字一条，共有56种不同句类：从60字到196字，共有34句类，总计从3字条到196字条共有90句类。值得注意的是，这90种句类中各类所拥有的句子数是不平衡的，绝大部分集中于10、

21. Syntax of Proverbs: The sentences of agricultural proverbs are concise and simple, but upon analyzing a large number of proverbs, it can be found that their sentences are also quite complex. First, looking at the number of characters in each sentence, according to the classification statistics by the author of a total of 15,823 agricultural proverbs across the country (about 360,000 characters), [3] the shortest is a three-character sentence, and the longest is a 196-character sentence. If sentences with different numbers of characters are called a "sentence type," then from three-character sentences to 58-character sentences, there are a total of 56 different types of sentences: from 60 characters to 196 characters, there are 34 types of sentences. In total, from three-character sentences to 196-character sentences, there are 90 types of sentences. It is worth noting that the number of sentences in each type among these 90 types is not balanced, with the vast majority concentrated in the 10- to 20-character range.

22. 费洁心所收的农谚，限于他个人的条件，共只5953条。建国以后，农业出版社以吕平为主，进行了有计划的全国农谚收集工作，共得10万余条，经过归并整理分类，共得31400余条，分成《中国农谚》上下两册出版。上册是农作物部分，包括大田作物、棉麻、果蔬、蚕桑、豆类、油料直至花卉为止，据笔者统计，共约16200余条；下册为总论及畜牧、渔业、林业等部分，总论包括土、肥、种、田间管理、水利及气象等，共约15200余条。又将该书上下两册按类分别统计结果，大体上同上述费洁心的统计结果类似。但所见的规律性更为明显。即全部农谚中，以气象农谚最占多数，共得7903条，占全部的2516%。其次就是水稻，共4573条，占全部的1456%；第三是麦类，共3596条，占全部的1145%。其余的分散到各种作物上，条数有多有少，都远不及稻麦那样多。稻麦及粟黍类农谚条数的比例，很像笔者对《古今图书集成》草木典谷部文献所作统计的结果，在《集成》中，也是以稻的文献量占首位，各种麦合起来居次位，粟黍又次之，三者所占比重超过其他任何的作物。[2] 文字记载量的比重同农民口头谚语的比重如此一致，是客观事物规律的如实反映。将果树和蔬菜类供不应求也只得1571条，占全部的500%。粮食方面，像玉米和甘薯是迟至明末才引进普及的。玉米很快积累起222条，当然比重不高，仅占070%；甘薯积累起366条，占116%。自古农桑衣食并举，棉花较之蚕桑是后起的，但推广极快，积累的农谚超过了蚕桑，棉花有1243条，占395%；蚕桑只355条，占113%，蚕桑的农谚不应这样少，其原因待查。农作物和畜牧这粮畜两条腿中，畜牧部分的农谚远少于作物，只有1433条，占全部的456%，这是中国农区食物结构的特点，农区人口增长的压力使得农区拿不出更多的土地饲养家畜。在家畜的农谚中，以猪最多，猪在南方是舍饲杂食，不需草场牧地。家畜农谚一个突出之点，是对家畜的鉴别农谚较多，且很生动有据，很像汉代以来的《相马经》、《相牛经》之类，只是句子短少而已。

22. The collection of agricultural proverbs collected by Fei Jiexin was limited to his personal conditions, totaling only 5,953. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Agricultural Publishing House, led by Lü Ping, carried out a planned national collection of agricultural proverbs, obtaining more than 100,000 in total. After consolidation, sorting, and classification, a total of more than 31,400 were obtained, published in two volumes: "Agricultural Proverbs of China" (Volume 1 and Volume 2). Volume 1 covers crops, including field crops, cotton and flax, fruits and vegetables, silkworm and mulberry, beans, oil crops, and flowers. According to the author's statistics, there are about 16,200 entries. Volume 2 includes general discussions and sections on animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry, etc. The general discussion covers soil, fertilization, sowing, field management, water conservancy, and meteorology, with about 15,200 entries. The statistics of the two volumes of the book, categorized by type, are roughly similar to Fei Jiexin's statistics. However, the regularity is more obvious. Among all the proverbs, meteorological proverbs are the most numerous, totaling 7,903, accounting for 2516% of the total. The next is rice, with a total of 4,573, accounting for 1456% of the total; followed by wheat, with 3,596 entries, accounting for 1145% of the total. The rest are scattered among various crops, with varying numbers, far fewer than rice and wheat. The proportion of agricultural proverb entries for rice, wheat, and millet is similar to the author's statistics of the "Comprehensive Collection of Books from the Ancient and Modern Times" (Guji Tushu Jicheng) for the section on grain and vegetables. In the "Comprehensive Collection," the volume of literature on rice is the largest, followed by various types of wheat combined, and millet is next, with their total proportion exceeding that of any other crop. The proportion of textual records is so consistent with the proportion of farmers' oral proverbs, reflecting the objective laws of things. The number of entries for fruit trees and vegetables, which are in short supply, is only 1,571, accounting for 500% of the total. In terms of grain, crops like corn and sweet potatoes were only introduced and popularized as late as the end of the Ming Dynasty. Corn quickly accumulated 222 entries, of course, with a relatively low proportion, accounting for 70%; sweet potatoes accumulated 366 entries, accounting for 16%. Since ancient times, agriculture and silkworm breeding have been combined with clothing and food. Cotton, compared to silkworm breeding, came later, but was rapidly promoted, with the number of agricultural proverbs exceeding that of silkworm breeding. Cotton has 1,243 entries, accounting for 395%, while silkworm breeding has only 355 entries, accounting for 113%. The reason why the number of silkworm breeding proverbs is so few is yet to be investigated. In the grain and animal husbandry sectors, agricultural proverbs are much fewer than crops, with only 1,433 entries, accounting for 456% of the total. This is a characteristic of China's agricultural food structure. The pressure of population growth in agricultural areas has left little land for raising livestock. Among the livestock proverbs, the most are for pigs, as pigs in the south are kept in pens and fed a mixed diet, without the need for pastures or grazing land. An outstanding point in the livestock proverbs is the many proverbs that distinguish between livestock, which are very vivid and well-supported, similar to the "Guide to Horse Selection" and "Guide to Cow Selection" from the Han Dynasty onward, but with shorter sentences.

23. 初三合子往家转。

23. The third-year student returns home.

24. 如果我们把作物生产的全部过程分成几个环节，几乎每个环节都有一定的农谚。例如水稻从播种起，选用良种有“种好稻好，娘好囡好”等；培育壮秧有“秧好半年稻”等；插秧技术有“会插不会插，看你两只脚”，“早稻水上飘，晚稻插齐腰”等，施肥有“早稻泥下送，晚稻三遍壅”，“中间轻，两头重”等；田间管理有“处暑根头摸，一把烂泥一把谷”等等。拿水稻一项来说，浙江就有500条左右农谚。农民有了这些农谚，就好象现在有了技术指导手册一样，曾经起过很大的指导作用。特别是在一些老农民中都还保留有这种习惯。1959年我们在丽水县向一位老农了解当地播种粟的经验，他就举出“红粟头上一枚针，只怕浅来不怕深”的农谚，并且拿粟和芝麻相比，说：“芝麻头上两瓣叶，只怕深来不怕浅”的农谚，生动地说明了单子叶植物（如粟）和双子叶植物（如芝麻）对播种深度的不同要求。我们在平阳县总结当地种植龙爪稷（当地称粟）的经验时，农民又举出“稻倒收一半，麦倒没得看，粟倒一箩收箩半”的农谚，说明龙爪稷的特点是不怕倒伏。诸如此类的例子是不胜枚举的，足以证明农谚对指导农业生产起着很大的作用。

24. If we divide the entire process of crop production into several stages, almost every stage has its own agricultural saying. For example, from sowing rice, there are sayings like "Good rice sown, mother and daughter will be good"; for raising strong seedlings, there are sayings like "Good seedlings lead to half-year-old rice"; for transplanting seedlings, there are sayings like "Whether you can transplant or not, it depends on your two feet," and "Early rice floats on water, late rice is transplanted up to the waist"; for fertilizing, there are sayings like "Early rice is sent underground, late rice is fertilized three times," and "Light in the middle, heavy at both ends"; for field management, there are sayings like "At the end of summer, feel the root, a handful of mud, a handful of grain," and so on. Taking rice as an example, there are about 500 such sayings in Zhejiang. Farmers with these sayings would be like having a technical guidance manual now, which once played a great guiding role. Especially among some elderly farmers, this habit is still preserved. In 1959, in Lishui County, we asked an elderly farmer about his experience in sowing millet locally, and he quoted the saying, "A needle on the head of red millet, afraid of shallow, not afraid of deep," and compared millet to sesame, saying, "Two leaves on the head of sesame, afraid of deep, not afraid of shallow," vividly illustrating the different requirements of monocotyledonous plants (such as millet) and dicotyledonous plants (such as sesame) for sowing depth. When we summarized the experience of local planting millet (locally known as Longzhuaji) in Pingyang County, the farmers also quoted the saying, "If rice falls over, half is lost; if wheat falls over, it can't be seen; if millet falls over, a basket full is half a basket more," indicating that millet is not afraid of lodging. There are countless examples like this, which are enough to prove that agricultural sayings play a significant role in guiding agricultural production.

25. 立春：立春春打六九头，春播备耕早动手，一年之计在于春，农业生产创高优。

25. The Beginning of Spring: The Spring begins on the first day of the sixth nine-day period. It's time to start spring sowing and preparing for farming early, as the whole year's plan lies in the spring. Agricultural production aims to achieve high quality and excellence.

26. 二十三，糖瓜粘。

26. The 23rd, sugarcane is sticky.

27. 不论地域性和普遍性，就其表达形式的类似来看，说明当初某条农谚可能发源于某一地区，随着传播开去，各地就按照自己地区的特点（如作物的、耕作制的、季节的、口语习惯等）予以变通，最明显的如播种期，几乎“××早，××迟，××××正当时”成为各地农谚的共同表达公式了。

27. Regardless of its regional or universal nature, from the perspective of the similarity of its expression forms, it can be inferred that a certain agricultural proverb may have originated from a specific region. As it spread, different regions adapted it according to their own characteristics (such as crop types, farming systems, seasons, and spoken language habits, etc.). The most obvious example is the sowing period, where the common formula of "×× early,×× late,×××× is just the right time" has almost become a universal expression in various regions' agricultural proverbs.

28. 二十四，扫房子。

28. The 24th, sweeping the house.

29. 初九、初十白米饭。

29. On the 9th and 10th days, white rice.

30. 三十晚上扭一扭，大年初一拱拱手。

30. Twirl your body on the 30th night, and bow with hands clasped on the first day of the Chinese New Year.

31. 初一饺子初二面。

31. On the first day of the New Year, eat dumplings; on the second day, eat noodles.

32. 年到初七八，家家劣粥钵。

32. By the time of the New Year's first seven or eight days, every household has poor congee bowls.

33. 二十五，磨豆腐。

33. Twenty-five, grind tofu.

34. 初二的面，初三的盒子往家转。

34. The face of the second year, the box of the third year comes home.

35. 年到二十一，人家欢喜涯叹息。

35. From the age of 35 to 21, others are joyful while I sigh.

36. 农谚流传相当久远，不少古书上已有记载。例如，现今流行的“秧好半年稻”，“麦要浇芽，菜要浇花”，“处暑根头白，农夫吃一赫”，“稻如莺色红，全得水来供”等农谚，见之于明末的《沈氏农书》：“寸麦不怕尺水，尺麦但怕寸水”，见之于明末的《天工开物》；“无灰不种麦”，“收麦如救火”见之于16世纪初的《便民图纂》；“六月不热，五谷不结”，“六月盖了被，田里不生米”等见之于14世纪初的《田家五行》；“若要麦，见三白”，“正月三白，田公笑赫赫”，见之于8世纪初唐朝的《朝野佥载》；“欲知五谷，但视五木”，“耕而不劳，不如作暴”，见之于6世纪的《齐民要术》。古书中引用的农谚，还往往冠以“谚云”或“古人云”字样，说明被引用的该句农谚起源更早，到底早在何时，就不一定都能在文献上找到。至少目前所知，有些农谚可以远溯至数千年前，如浙江农谚：“大树之下无丰草，大块之间无美苗”一句，同样见之于西汉（公元前1世纪桓宽的《盐铁论》轻重第

36. Folk sayings about agriculture have been passed down for a long time, and many ancient books have recorded them. For example, the popular sayings today such as "Good seedlings ensure half a year's rice harvest," "Wheat needs to be watered when the sprouts are sprouting, and vegetables need to be watered when the flowers bloom," "The roots are white at the beginning of autumn, and the farmer eats his fill," "Rice turns red like the color of the oriole, all thanks to the water supply" are found in the "Shen's Agricultural Book" at the end of the Ming Dynasty: "One inch of wheat does not fear one inch of water, but one inch of wheat fears only one inch of water"; "Without ash, do not plant wheat," "Harvesting wheat is like extinguishing a fire" are found in the "The Art of the World" at the end of the Ming Dynasty; "If it's not hot in June, the grains won't germinate," "If the bed is covered in June, rice will not grow in the field" are found in the "Five Elements of the Farming Family" at the beginning of the 14th century; "If you want wheat, see three whites," "In the first month, there are three whites, and the field god smiles broadly" are found in the "Records of the Court and the Country" in the early 8th century during the Tang Dynasty; "To know the five grains, just look at the five trees," "Working without toil is better than doing violence" are found in the "Qimin Yaoshu" in the 6th century. The folk sayings quoted in ancient books are often prefixed with "As the saying goes" or "As the ancients said," indicating that the origin of the quoted saying is even earlier, and it is not necessarily possible to find it in all documents. At least as far as is currently known, some folk sayings can be traced back thousands of years, such as the Zhejiang folk saying: "Under the big tree, there is no lush grass, and between the large pieces, there is no beautiful seedling," which is also found in the "Salt and Iron Discourse" by Huankuan in the Western Han Dynasty (1st century BC).

37. 二十九蒙香斗。

37. Twenty-nine fragrant battles.

38. 将把新年过，衣服要周全。

38. We will celebrate the New Year, and the clothes must be complete.

39. 立夏：立夏麦苗节节高，平田整地栽稻苗，中耕除草把墒保，温棚防风要管好。

39. Lìxià (Start of Summer): As Lìxià arrives, wheat seedlings grow tall and straight, level fields are prepared for rice seedlings to be planted, and weeding is done to maintain the moisture. It is essential to manage the greenhouse to protect against the wind.

40. 群众性和通俗性。农谚极大部分作者是广大的劳动群众，这就决定了农谚的思想、感情以至于表达形式必然是广大群众所喜闻乐见的，富有生活气息、泥土气息的，并且便于记诵，相互传播。其中最常用的是把生产技术措施与人的关系联系起来说明，最易为群众所接受。如说明拔秧以前要略施起身肥，以利发根，但又不必太多，农谚就说：“秧苗起身，还要点心”，以“点心”来比喻起身肥的作用和分量，恰到好处。冬季种麦子没有灰肥是很大的问题，农谚用“无灰不种麦，无酒不请客”来强调说明灰肥的重要性。稻缺氮肥，叶片发黄，亟需增施肥料，农谚用“稻子黄恹恹，主人欠它豆饼钱”来讽喻。玉米打顶后可以促使植株生长有力，结棒子粗壮，农谚就用“玉米去了头，力气大如牛”来比喻，其他如“番薯不怕羞，一直栽到秋”，“种田草子河泥，小孩糖梗荸荠”，“秀稻黄，吃块糖；秀稻黑，没得吃”等都是生动活泼而又含意深刻的好农谚。在我们继承农谚遗产、总结农谚的特点时，必须把握农谚的群众性和通俗性这一特色。

40. Popularity and accessibility. The vast majority of authors of agricultural proverbs are the broad masses of the laboring people, which determines that the thoughts, emotions, and even the forms of expression in agricultural proverbs must be popular and well-received by the masses, full of life and earthy flavor, and easy to remember and spread. The most commonly used ones are those that link the relationship between production techniques and people, which are most easily accepted by the masses. For example, it explains that before transplanting seedlings, a little starting fertilizer should be applied to facilitate root growth, but not too much. The proverb says, "Before the seedlings stand up, a little treat is needed," using the metaphor of "treat" to describe the role and amount of the starting fertilizer, which is very appropriate. Not having ash fertilizer in winter wheat planting is a big problem, and the proverb uses "No ash, no wheat, no wine, no guests" to emphasize the importance of ash fertilizer. When rice lacks nitrogen fertilizer, the leaves turn yellow, and it is urgent to add fertilizer. The proverb uses "Rice is yellow and limp, the master owes it soybean cake money" to satirize. After the top of corn is removed, it can promote strong plant growth and sturdy ear formation. The proverb uses "Corn has no head, as strong as an ox" to illustrate this. Other sayings like "Sweet potatoes are not shy, planted all the way to autumn," "Sowing rice with grass and river mud, children eating sugar cane and water chestnuts," "Good rice is yellow, eat a piece of sugar; good rice is black, nothing to eat" are vivid and lively, yet deeply meaningful agricultural proverbs. When we inherit the heritage of agricultural proverbs and summarize their characteristics, we must grasp the characteristic of popularity and accessibility of agricultural proverbs.

41. “茂林之下无丰草，大块之间无美苗。”“骤雨不终日，飓风不终朝”与老子道德经第二十三章“飘风不终朝，骤雨不终日”相似。由于农谚的来源可以不断地追溯，因此我们有理由认为农谚的起源是与农业起源一致的。而农业的起源远早于文字记载，所以农谚的起源也一定在有文字以前了。如果说，音乐、舞蹈、歌谣都起源于劳动，那么，农谚实在是农业劳动中从歌谣分化出来的一支重要分支。歌谣与农谚的不同，在于前者是倾诉劳动人民的思想、感情，即着重社会关系方面的；而农谚则描写劳动人民与自然斗争，即着重生产方面的。这种区分是后来逐渐发展的结果，其实两者之间并没有什么截然划分的界限。因为农谚本来也可以包括除了农业生产以外的“立身处世”的经验，再说农谚本来也可以包括除了农业生产以外的“立身处世”的经验，再说农谚的音律和谐，合辙押韵，形式动人，富有生活气息，也难与歌谣截然划分。古代农业社会更是如此。例如《诗经》的“七月”、“甫田”、“大田”、“臣工”等等，既是歌唱农事操作的，又是农民抒发感情的。随着农业生产的发展，农谚才从歌谣中逐渐分化出来的。同时，属于纯粹生产经验的农谚，也不断增加、丰富起来，成为指导生产的一个重要部分。

41. "There is no lush grass under dense forests, and no beautiful seedlings in vast fields." "The heavy rain does not last all day, nor does the typhoon last all morning" is similar to the saying in Chapter 23 of Laozi's Tao Te Ching, "Whirlwinds do not last all morning, nor does heavy rain last all day." Since the origin of agricultural proverbs can be traced back continuously, we have reason to believe that the origin of agricultural proverbs is consistent with the origin of agriculture. As the origin of agriculture predates written records, the origin of agricultural proverbs must also have been before the existence of writing. If music, dance, and folk songs originated from labor, then agricultural proverbs are indeed an important branch that differentiated from folk songs in the agricultural labor. The difference between folk songs and agricultural proverbs lies in the former being an expression of the thoughts and emotions of the laboring people, focusing on social relationships; while agricultural proverbs describe the struggle of the laboring people with nature, focusing on production. This distinction is the result of gradual development later on, and in fact, there is no clear dividing line between the two. Because agricultural proverbs can also include experiences of "establishing oneself in society" besides agricultural production. Moreover, agricultural proverbs, with their harmonious rhythms and rhymes, appealing forms, and lively atmosphere, are also difficult to be distinctly separated from folk songs. In ancient agricultural societies, this is even more true. For example, the "July," "Fupian," "Datian," "Min Gong," and other works in the Book of Songs are both songs of agricultural operations and expressions of farmers' feelings. With the development of agricultural production, agricultural proverbs gradually differentiated from folk songs. At the same time, agricultural proverbs belonging to purely productive experiences also increased and enriched, becoming an important part of guiding production.

42. 二十七宰公鸡。

42. Sacrifice twenty-seven roosters.

43. 十三糖瓜粘。

43. Thirteen sugar melons are sticky.

44. 二十七去宰鸡。

44. Twenty-seven to kill a chicken.

45. 十三、十四窜汤丸。

45. Thirteen, fourteen, running pills.

46. 6等6句类为最多，共11857条，占总数的7493%。另就浙江农谚农作物部分的统计来看，也存在同样的分配情况（表17）。

46. The category of "6 sentences of 6" is the most common, with a total of 11,857 sentences, accounting for 7493% of the total. Additionally, from the statistics of the part of agricultural proverbs in Zhejiang, there is also the same distribution of types (Table 17).

47. 农谚讲的是农业生产。广义的农业生产包括农、林、牧、副、渔五业，农之中还包括农作物、果蔬、蚕桑等，这些内容在农谚中都有。再说，农业生产离不开土壤、肥料、水分、温度以至于季节、气象、气候条件，这些方面在农谚中占有大量内容。农业生产又是由人在进行的，因此农谚中还有很多内容离不开人与人的关系，经营管理的经验等。解放前费洁心所收集的《中国农谚》，是由时令、气象、作物、饲养、箴言等五大部分组成的，虽然不很理想，但可以从这个分类中看出农谚内容的几个特点。据笔者对该书5953条农谚的统计。[1] 属于时令之部的为2961条，占全部的4045%；气象之部1556条，占2622%，作物之部1020条，占1718%；饲养之部251条，占423%；箴言之部707条，占1191%。从个分配的百分率可以看出两点：其一，气象与时令的农谚共占2/

47. The sayings of agriculture pertain to agricultural production. In a broad sense, agricultural production includes the five industries of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline occupations, and fishery, among which agriculture itself encompasses crops, fruits and vegetables, sericulture, and other contents, all of which are present in agricultural sayings. Moreover, agricultural production cannot be separated from soil, fertilizer, water, temperature, and even seasonal, meteorological, and climatic conditions, which occupy a large amount of content in agricultural sayings. Agricultural production is also carried out by humans, so there are many contents in agricultural sayings that are inseparable from human relationships and management experience. Before liberation, Fei Jiexin's collected work "Chinese Agricultural Sayings" was composed of five major parts: seasons, meteorology, crops, breeding, and proverbs. Although it was not very ideal, one could see several characteristics of the content of agricultural sayings from this classification. According to the author's statistics of 5,953 agricultural sayings in the book. [1] There are 2,961 sayings related to seasons, accounting for 40.45% of the total; 1,556 sayings related to meteorology, accounting for 26.22%; 1,020 sayings related to crops, accounting for 17.18%; 251 sayings related to breeding, accounting for 4.23%; and 707 proverbs, accounting for 11.91%. From this distribution of percentages, two points can be observed: first, the agricultural sayings related to meteorology and seasons together account for 2/3 of the total.

48. 年到二十三，紧想就紧惊。

48. At the age of 48, one's anxiety intensifies as one approaches the age of 23.

49. 纵有几千吊，也是买不全。

49. Even with a few thousand strings of cash, it wouldn't be enough to buy everything.

50. 二十九蒸馒首。

50. Twenty-nine steamed buns.

51. 雨水：雨水春雨贵如油，顶凌耙耘防墒流，多积肥料多打粮，精选良种夺丰收。

51. Rainwater: Spring rain is as precious as oil, top the frost with a harrow to prevent soil erosion, accumulate more fertilizer to produce more grain, and select high-quality seeds to ensure a bountiful harvest.

52. 初五、初六捏面团。

52. On the fifth and sixth days, knead the dough.

53. 农谚是人们口头流传的谚语，除个别情况外（如九九歌之类），一般每句类字数不宜太多，否则不便于口头传诵。尽管有些农谚可达100多字，而实际上占绝大多数的不超过20字，更多的是不超过14字。又因为农谚的内容很丰富，太短了就无法表达较多的内容，所以6字以下的5字、4字、3字句也不太多，在全部15823句农谚中，5字句只出现468句，占295%；4字句只出现150句，占094%；3字句更少，仅出现6句（因限于篇幅，这里没有将各句类所占分配情况一一列表）。

53. Folk sayings are proverbs that are passed down orally by people. Generally, except for some specific cases (such as the "Nine-Nine Song"), the number of characters in each sentence should not be too many, otherwise it is not convenient for oral recitation. Although some folk sayings can reach over 100 characters, in reality, the majority of them do not exceed 20 characters, and even more do not exceed 14 characters. Due to the rich content of folk sayings, if they are too short, they cannot express more content. Therefore, there are not many 5-character, 4-character, or 3-character sentences that are less than 6 characters. Out of the total 15,823 folk sayings, there are only 468 5-character sentences, accounting for 295%; only 150 4-character sentences, accounting for 094%; and even fewer 3-character sentences, with only 6 sentences (due to the limitation of space, the distribution of each type of sentence is not listed one by one here).

54. 春分：春分风多雨水少，土地解冻起春潮，稻田平整早翻晒，冬麦返青把水浇。

54. Vernal Equinox: The Vernal Equinox brings many winds and little rain, the land thaws and spring surges forth. The rice fields are leveled and turned early for drying, and the winter wheat is watered to rejuvenate its greenery.

55. 反映了农业生产发展过程对自然条件的依赖性。不违农时，适时播种，是进行农业生产的先决条件，从原始的刀耕火种到现代化的机器耕种，农业技术起了多么大的变化，只有适时播种是不能任意改变的。为了正确掌握农时，几千年来劳动人民总结了丰富的经验，经受了足够的教训，因而以时令为中心的农谚竟占到40%左右。旱、涝、风、寒等自然灾害在小农经济的封建社会时期，更是无法克服的莫大威胁，因此企图掌握自然灾害规律的农谚也占到1/4。

55. Reflects the dependence of the process of agricultural production development on natural conditions. Not violating the farming season and sowing at the right time are prerequisites for agricultural production. From the primitive slash-and-burn method to modern mechanized farming, there has been tremendous change in agricultural technology, yet the timing of sowing cannot be arbitrarily altered. To correctly grasp the farming season, over thousands of years, the laboring people have summarized rich experiences and learned enough lessons, so that proverbs centered around the season have accounted for about 40%. In the feudal society period of small-scale farming economy, natural disasters such as droughts, floods, winds, and colds were an insurmountable threat, and thus proverbs attempting to master the laws of natural disasters also accounted for about 25%.

56. 三十晚上熬一宿。

56. Stay up all night on the 30th.

57. 首帕鸟缕好，膝裤宝石蓝。

57. The headscarf is adorned with exquisite bird feathers, and the knee-length pants are a deep sapphire blue.

58. 梭布七八寸，铜扣买连环。

58. The fabric is about 7 or 8 inches long, and the copper buttons are bought in a chain-like pattern.

59. 但在许多农谚里，尽管地区不同，条件不同，却都有类似的说法。如大豆的“干花湿荚，亩收石八”，南北各地都这样说；浙江农谚“割麦如救火”和华北农谚“麦收如救火”一样；“寸麦不怕尽水，尺麦但怕寸水”在浙江、苏北等地都有同样农谚：“六月不热，五谷不结”，“有钱难买大肚黄”……等等都是普遍性的农谚。其所以这样，是因为它们反映了作物的生物学特性。作物的生物学特性是它本身遗传性的表现，其所要求的环境条件、栽培原理往往是具有共同性的，还有一些基本原理相同的栽培环节如深耕、增施肥料、中耕培土等，反映在农谚上也大体一样。如华北、陕西农谚“种田不上粪，等于瞎糊混”；苏北农谚“不施粪，瞎胡混”，浙江农谚“种田无师叔，只要肥料足”；以及华北农谚“锄头有三分水”和浙江农谚“旱来锄头会生水”等等，意思都一样。

59. However, in many rural proverbs, although the regions and conditions differ, there are similar sayings. For example, the saying about soybeans, "dry flowers and wet pods, yielding eight stones per mu," is said in the north and south; the Zhejiang proverb "reaping wheat is like fighting a fire" is similar to the North China proverb "reaping wheat is like fighting a fire"; the saying "a little wheat is not afraid of water, but a foot of wheat is afraid of an inch of water" is also found in Zhejiang and northern Jiangsu; "if June is not hot, the five grains will not grow," and "it's hard to buy a big belly yellow with money"... etc., are all common proverbs. The reason for this is that they reflect the biological characteristics of crops. The biological characteristics of crops are the manifestation of their own genetic nature, and the environmental conditions and cultivation principles they require are often common. There are also some basic principles of cultivation with the same elements, such as deep plowing, increasing fertilization, and soil turning, which are reflected in the proverbs in a similar way. For example, the North China and Shaanxi proverbs "not using manure in farming is as good as doing nothing"; the northern Jiangsu proverb "not using manure is as good as doing nothing"; the Zhejiang proverb "farming without a teacher, as long as there is enough fertilizer"; and the North China proverb "a spade has three parts of water" and the Zhejiang proverb "when there is drought, the spade brings water" etc., all mean the same thing.

60. 年到初三四，各人打主意。

60. From the New Year to the Lantern Festival, everyone has their own plans.

61. 农谚是劳动人民长期生产实践中积累起来的经验结晶，它对于农业生产必然起着一定的指导作用。特别是在封建社会中，劳动人民被剥夺了读书识字的权利，他们的经验主要靠“父诏其子，兄诏其弟”的口头相传方式流传和继承下来，农谚就是其中的一个方面。例如，在封建社会时期，还没有同代的温度计、湿度计等仪器，农民就拿多年生树木的生长状态作为预告农事季节的依据，因为多年生树木的生长在一定程度上反映了一定的客观气候条件，于是产生了“要知五谷，先看五木”的农谚。在指导播种期方面，有许多反映物候学的谚语，如“梨花白，种大豆”；“樟树落叶桃花红，白豆种子好出瓮”；以及“青蛙叫，落谷子”等等。更多的是根据二十四节气指出各种作物的适宜播种时期：如“白露早，寒露迟，秋分草子正当时”；“白露白，正好种荞麦”等。农民有了这些农谚就能掌握适时播种。另外如“立冬蚕豆小雪麦，一生一世赶勿着”；“十月种油，不够老婆搽头”等谚语，却是失败教训的总结，提醒人们要抓紧季节，不误农时。

61. Folk sayings are the crystallization of experience accumulated through the long-term production practice of the laboring people, and they undoubtedly play a certain guiding role in agricultural production. Particularly in the feudal society, the laboring people were deprived of the right to read and write, and their experience was mainly passed down and inherited through oral tradition, such as "father teaching his son, elder brother teaching his younger brother". Folk sayings are one aspect of this. For example, during the feudal period, there were no thermometers or hygrometers of the same era, so farmers used the growth status of perennial trees as the basis for predicting the agricultural season. Since the growth of perennial trees reflects certain objective climatic conditions to a certain extent, the folk saying "to know the five crops, first look at the five trees" emerged. In terms of guiding the sowing period, there are many sayings reflecting phenology, such as "when the pear blossoms white, plant soybeans"; "when the camphor tree leaves fall and the peach blossoms red, the white bean seeds are good for sowing"; and "when the frogs croak, plant the millet" and so on. More importantly, these sayings are based on the 24 solar terms to indicate the appropriate sowing periods for various crops: such as "the early White Dew, the late Cold Dew, the autumnal equinox is the best time for grass seeds"; "when the White Dew is white, it is the best time to plant buckwheat" and so on. With these folk sayings, farmers can master the proper sowing periods. Moreover, sayings like "the broad bean is small at the start of winter and the wheat at the light snow, a whole lifetime is not enough to catch up"; "planting sesame in October is not enough for the wife's hair oil" and so on, are summaries of lessons learned from failure, reminding people to grasp the season and not to miss the farming time.

62. 清明：清明春始草青青，种瓜点豆好时辰，植树造林种甜菜，水稻育秧选好种。

62. Qingming Festival: As the Qingming Festival heralds the beginning of spring, the grass turns green, and it's a good time to plant melons and beans. It's also the season for planting trees and beets, and for cultivating rice seedlings with the best seeds.

63. 妮要坠子戴，小要核桃玩。

63. Ni wants to wear the pendant, Xiao wants to play with the walnuts.

64. 下面再就农谚内容的特点试作分析，归纳为三点六性：

64. Here follows an attempt to analyze the characteristics of the content of agricultural proverbs, summarizing them into three points and six properties:

65. 二五八，好回家。

65. 258, it's good to go home.

66. 二十四扫房子。

66. Sweep the house on the 24th.

67. 三十晚上坐一宿。

67. Stay up all night on the 30th.

68. 二十三灶王爷上天，二十四扫房子。

68. On the 23rd day, the Kitchen God ascends to heaven, and on the 24th, people sweep the house.

69. 二十四扫房日，十五去碾谷。

69. The 24th day is for sweeping the house, and the 15th is for threshing the rice.