1. 花草田种白稻，丘丘有谷挑。

1. The fields of flowers and grass are planted with white rice, and each hill has grain to pick.

2. 鸡早舍，天将变。

2. The chicken coop, the sky is about to change.

3. 晚秋作物继续管，随熟随收不能迟。

3. Continue to manage the late autumn crops, and do not delay in harvesting them as they ripen.

4. 青贮秸秆继续搞，牲畜配种机莫失。

4. Continue with silage straw production, don't miss the opportunity for livestock breeding machines.

5. 良种无良法，神仙也无法。

5. No good methods for good seeds, even the gods cannot help.

6. 农谚讲的是农业生产。广义的农业生产包括农、林、牧、副、渔五业，农之中还包括农作物、果蔬、蚕桑等，这些内容在农谚中都有。再说，农业生产离不开土壤、肥料、水分、温度以至于季节、气象、气候条件，这些方面在农谚中占有大量内容。农业生产又是由人在进行的，因此农谚中还有很多内容离不开人与人的关系，经营管理的经验等。解放前费洁心所收集的《中国农谚》，是由时令、气象、作物、饲养、箴言等五大部分组成的，虽然不很理想，但可以从这个分类中看出农谚内容的几个特点。据笔者对该书5953条农谚的统计。[1] 属于时令之部的为2961条，占全部的4045%；气象之部1556条，占2622%，作物之部1020条，占1718%；饲养之部251条，占423%；箴言之部707条，占1191%。从个分配的百分率可以看出两点：其一，气象与时令的农谚共占2/

6. The sayings of agriculture are about agricultural production. In a broad sense, agricultural production includes the five industries of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline occupations, and fishing, and agriculture itself includes crops, fruits and vegetables, sericulture, and other contents, which are all present in the agricultural sayings. Moreover, agricultural production cannot be separated from soil, fertilizers, water, temperature, and even seasonal, meteorological, and climatic conditions, and these aspects occupy a large amount of content in the agricultural sayings. Agricultural production is also carried out by humans, so there are many contents in the agricultural sayings that cannot be separated from human relationships and management experience. Before liberation, Fei Jiexin collected "Chinese Agricultural Sayings," which was composed of five major parts: seasons, meteorology, crops, breeding, and proverbs. Although not very ideal, one can see several characteristics of the content of agricultural sayings from this classification. According to the author's statistics of the book's 5,953 agricultural sayings: [1] There are 2,961 sayings related to seasons, accounting for 40.45% of the total; 1,556 sayings related to meteorology, accounting for 26.22%; 1,020 sayings related to crops, accounting for 17.18%; 251 sayings related to breeding, accounting for 4.23%; and 707 sayings of proverbs, accounting for 11.91%. From the distribution percentages, two points can be observed: first, the agricultural sayings related to meteorology and seasons together account for 2/3 of the total.

7. 但在许多农谚里，尽管地区不同，条件不同，却都有类似的说法。如大豆的“干花湿荚，亩收石八”，南北各地都这样说；浙江农谚“割麦如救火”和华北农谚“麦收如救火”一样；“寸麦不怕尽水，尺麦但怕寸水”在浙江、苏北等地都有同样农谚：“六月不热，五谷不结”，“有钱难买大肚黄”……等等都是普遍性的农谚。其所以这样，是因为它们反映了作物的生物学特性。作物的生物学特性是它本身遗传性的表现，其所要求的环境条件、栽培原理往往是具有共同性的，还有一些基本原理相同的栽培环节如深耕、增施肥料、中耕培土等，反映在农谚上也大体一样。如华北、陕西农谚“种田不上粪，等于瞎糊混”；苏北农谚“不施粪，瞎胡混”，浙江农谚“种田无师叔，只要肥料足”；以及华北农谚“锄头有三分水”和浙江农谚“旱来锄头会生水”等等，意思都一样。

7. However, in many agricultural proverbs, despite differences in regions and conditions, similar expressions can be found. For example, the saying about soybeans, "dry flowers, wet pods, eight stones per mu," is said in the north and south alike; the Zhejiang agricultural proverb "reaping wheat is like extinguishing a fire" is the same as the North China agricultural proverb "reaping wheat is like extinguishing a fire"; the saying "a finger of wheat is not afraid of water, but a foot of wheat is afraid of an inch of water" is also found in Zhejiang and northern Jiangsu: "in June, if it's not hot, the five grains will not set"; "money can't buy a big belly wheat"… etc. are all common agricultural proverbs. The reason for this is that they reflect the biological characteristics of crops. The biological characteristics of crops are the manifestation of their inherent heredity, and the environmental conditions and cultivation principles they require are often common. There are also some basic principles of cultivation with the same steps, such as deep plowing, increasing fertilizer, and soil turning, which are reflected in agricultural proverbs in a similar manner. For example, the North China and Shaanxi agricultural proverb "not using manure in farming is as useless as a blind fool"; the northern Jiangsu proverb "not using manure, just a blind fool"; the Zhejiang proverb "farming without a master, as long as there is enough fertilizer"; and the North China proverb "a spade has three parts of water" and the Zhejiang proverb "when drought comes, the spade brings water"… etc., all mean the same thing.

8. “茂林之下无丰草，大块之间无美苗。”“骤雨不终日，飓风不终朝”与老子道德经第二十三章“飘风不终朝，骤雨不终日”相似。由于农谚的来源可以不断地追溯，因此我们有理由认为农谚的起源是与农业起源一致的。而农业的起源远早于文字记载，所以农谚的起源也一定在有文字以前了。如果说，音乐、舞蹈、歌谣都起源于劳动，那么，农谚实在是农业劳动中从歌谣分化出来的一支重要分支。歌谣与农谚的不同，在于前者是倾诉劳动人民的思想、感情，即着重社会关系方面的；而农谚则描写劳动人民与自然斗争，即着重生产方面的。这种区分是后来逐渐发展的结果，其实两者之间并没有什么截然划分的界限。因为农谚本来也可以包括除了农业生产以外的“立身处世”的经验，再说农谚本来也可以包括除了农业生产以外的“立身处世”的经验，再说农谚的音律和谐，合辙押韵，形式动人，富有生活气息，也难与歌谣截然划分。古代农业社会更是如此。例如《诗经》的“七月”、“甫田”、“大田”、“臣工”等等，既是歌唱农事操作的，又是农民抒发感情的。随着农业生产的发展，农谚才从歌谣中逐渐分化出来的。同时，属于纯粹生产经验的农谚，也不断增加、丰富起来，成为指导生产的一个重要部分。

8. "Under the dense forest, there is no lush grass; between large pieces, there are no beautiful seedlings." "The sudden rain does not last all day, and the typhoon does not last all morning" is similar to the "Whirlwinds do not last all morning, and sudden rain does not last all day" in Chapter 23 of Laozi's Tao Te Ching. Since the origin of agricultural proverbs can be traced back continuously, we have reason to believe that the origin of agricultural proverbs is consistent with the origin of agriculture. And the origin of agriculture is much earlier than written records, so the origin of agricultural proverbs must have been before the existence of writing. If music, dance, and songs all originated from labor, then agricultural proverbs are indeed an important branch that has differentiated from songs in the agricultural labor. The difference between songs and agricultural proverbs lies in the former expressing the thoughts and feelings of the laboring people, focusing on social relations; while proverbs describe the struggle of the laboring people with nature, focusing on production. This distinction is the result of gradual development later on, and in fact, there is no clear-cut boundary between the two. Because proverbs could originally include experiences of "standing in society" beyond agricultural production, and besides, proverbs are harmonious in sound, rhythmical, and charming in form, full of life, making it difficult to be distinctly separated from songs. In ancient agricultural societies, this was even more so. For example, the "July," "Pu Tian," "Da Tian," and "Min Gong" in The Book of Songs, were both songs about agricultural operations and expressions of farmers' feelings. With the development of agricultural production, proverbs gradually differentiated from songs. At the same time, agricultural proverbs belonging to purely productive experiences also increased and enriched, becoming an important part of guiding production.

9. 合理用水，粮食成堆。

9. Rational water use, abundant grain stocks.

10. 春雨漫了垅，麦子豌豆丢了种。

10. The spring rain overflowed the ridges, and the wheat and beans were lost in the seed.

11. 包谷种不晒，一冬必得坏。 宁要一斗种，不要一斗金。

11. If the corn seeds are not dried, they will surely go bad throughout the winter. It's better to have a bushel of seeds than a bushel of gold.

12. 9和11等12种句类中，共有14524条，占总数的9179%；而这12句类中，又以10、

12. Among the 12 types of sentences, including 9 and 11, there are a total of 14,524 sentences, accounting for 91.79% of the total; and among these 12 types, sentence type 10 is the most frequent.

13. 六月不热，五谷不结。

13. If June is not hot, the five grains will not grow.

14. 立冬有风，立春有雨；冬至有风，夏至有雨。

14. There is wind on the Winter Solstice, and rain on the Spring Equinox; there is wind on the Summer Solstice, and rain on the Winter Solstice.

15. 冻断麦根，挑断麻绳。

15. Freeze the wheat roots, break the hemp rope.

16. 春天三场雨，秋后不缺米。

16. Three rains in spring, no rice shortage in autumn.

17. 人怕老来穷，禾伯寒露风。

17. People fear poverty in their old age, like the cold dew wind of Hebo.

18. 立冬种豌豆，一斗还一斗。

18. Sow beans on the Winter Solstice, and a measure for a measure.

19. 晚稻全靠伏天长。秋热收晚田。

19. Late rice mainly relies on the long heat of the Dog Days. The autumn heat harvests the late fields.

20. 霜降摘柿子，立冬打软枣。

20. Harvest persimmons when the frost descends, and beat soft jujubes when the winter solstice arrives.

21. 农谚流传相当久远，不少古书上已有记载。例如，现今流行的“秧好半年稻”，“麦要浇芽，菜要浇花”，“处暑根头白，农夫吃一赫”，“稻如莺色红，全得水来供”等农谚，见之于明末的《沈氏农书》：“寸麦不怕尺水，尺麦但怕寸水”，见之于明末的《天工开物》；“无灰不种麦”，“收麦如救火”见之于16世纪初的《便民图纂》；“六月不热，五谷不结”，“六月盖了被，田里不生米”等见之于14世纪初的《田家五行》；“若要麦，见三白”，“正月三白，田公笑赫赫”，见之于8世纪初唐朝的《朝野佥载》；“欲知五谷，但视五木”，“耕而不劳，不如作暴”，见之于6世纪的《齐民要术》。古书中引用的农谚，还往往冠以“谚云”或“古人云”字样，说明被引用的该句农谚起源更早，到底早在何时，就不一定都能在文献上找到。至少目前所知，有些农谚可以远溯至数千年前，如浙江农谚：“大树之下无丰草，大块之间无美苗”一句，同样见之于西汉（公元前1世纪桓宽的《盐铁论》轻重第

21. Proverbs related to agriculture have been流传 for a long time, and many ancient books have recorded them. For example, the popular agricultural proverbs such as "Good seedlings ensure a good half-year of rice," "Wheat needs to be watered at the sprouting stage, while vegetables need to be watered at the flowering stage," "When the root is white at the beginning of the summer solstice, the farmer eats a hearty meal," and "Rice turns red like the color of a nightingale, all due to the supply of water," can be found in the "Shen's Agricultural Book" from the end of the Ming Dynasty: "A little water is not afraid of a large area of wheat, but a large area of wheat is afraid of a little water," which is also mentioned in "The Record of Marvelous Inventions" from the end of the Ming Dynasty; "Without ash, one cannot plant wheat," and "Harvesting wheat is like extinguishing a fire," are from the "Convenient Illustrations" at the beginning of the 16th century; "If it is not hot in June, the five grains will not mature," and "If there is a blanket over the fields in June, there will be no rice in the fields," are from the "Five Elements of the Farming Family" at the beginning of the 14th century; "If you want wheat, look for three white signs," and "In the first month, three white signs, the field master laughs heartily," are from the "Record of the State and the People" during the Tang Dynasty in the early 8th century; "To know about the five grains, just look at the five trees," and "To plow without toil is better than to work hard," are from the "Qimin Yaoshu" in the 6th century. The agricultural proverbs cited in ancient books are often prefixed with words like "It is said" or "The ancients said," indicating that the origin of the cited proverb is even earlier, and it is not necessarily possible to find out exactly when it originated in all literary sources. At least, as far as is known now, some proverbs can be traced back thousands of years, such as the Zhejiang agricultural proverb: "Under the big tree, there is no lush grass, and between large blocks, there are no beautiful seedlings," which is also mentioned in the "Salt and Iron Discourse" by Huan Kuang of the Western Han Dynasty (1st century BC).

22. 秋禾夜雨强似粪，一场夜雨一场肥。

22. Night rain in autumn is stronger than manure, a night's rain brings a crop of fertilizer.

23. 早晨地罩雾，尽管晒稻谷。

23. In the morning, there is fog over the land, yet they are drying the rice.

24. 立秋种芝麻，老死不开花。

24. Sow sesame seeds on the day of the beginning of autumn, and they will wither and never bloom.

25. 不怕旱苗，只怕旱籽。

25. It's not the drought-stricken seedlings that we fear, but the drought-stricken seeds.

26. 概括性和科学性。概括性和科学性是农谚的最重要特点，由于农谚是口头相传的，必须简短流畅，便于记诵。但它的内容又很丰富，所以必须精练深刻，发人深思。许多农谚看来似属简单浅显，其实包含着深刻的科学原理，需要我们予以分析说明。例如种植绿肥的农谚：“若要草子好，经常三分燥。”一般地说，草子是喜欢湿润土壤的，但欢喜湿润并不等于不需要空气，农民特别指出“经常三分燥”。据科学研究证明，草子田土壤的湿度以70%左右最好，由于地下水位降低，增加了氧化层的厚度，缩短了还原层的厚度，可使根系及根瘤发展良好，这就是农谚的概括性和科学性所在。其他如“麦浇芽，菜浇花”6个字就概括了两种冬作的施肥关键；“山园直插，荡园斜插”，指出甘薯要根据不同水分条件，采取不同的扦插方式。“牛粪冷，马粪热”，在牛马粪中还分冷热，似乎没有道理，实际上由于牛、马的饮料不同，粪中微生物的活动也不同，发酵发热的能力是大有差别的。有些栽培措施不但影响产量而且影响品质。如农谚指出：“九耘谷无毛，三削麦无糟”，是很有道理的，应该如何解释透彻，还值得深入考虑。有些农谚必须通过科学研究才能揭发其理论意义，例如“种稻难种三黄稻”，“有钱难买大肚黄”。农民水稻专家陈永康提出的三黄三黑问题，几年来通过中国农业科学院江苏分院和陈永康同志一起搞科学实验，初步明确了“黄是代表晚稻个体发育过程中在转折点上的一种生理状态，每次落黄后，植株即转向另一新的阶段”。这才算初步阐释了三黄问题，但是，目前还存在不同意见的争论。农谚中像这种概括性强，富有深刻科学原理的，还有很多需要我们用现代科学知识或通过具体试验研究，予以分析提高。

26. Generality and Scientificity. Generality and scientificity are the most important characteristics of agricultural proverbs. Since agricultural proverbs are passed down orally, they must be concise and fluent, easy to remember. However, their content is very rich, so they must be refined and profound, thought-provoking. Many agricultural proverbs seem simple and superficial, but in fact, they contain profound scientific principles that require our analysis and explanation. For example, the agricultural proverb about planting green manure: "If you want the grass seeds to be good, keep them three parts dry." Generally speaking, grass seeds prefer moist soil, but preferring moisture does not mean they do not need air. Farmers particularly point out "keep them three parts dry." Scientific research has shown that the soil humidity of grass seed fields is best around 70%, as the groundwater level decreases, the thickness of the oxidation layer increases, and the thickness of the reduction layer decreases, which can promote the healthy development of the roots and root nodules. This is where the generality and scientificity of the agricultural proverb lie. Other proverbs like "wheat is watered at the sprouting stage, vegetables at the flowering stage" in six characters summarize the key to fertilizing two winter crops; "straight planting in mountain gardens, diagonal planting in flat gardens" indicates that sweet potatoes should be planted in different ways according to different moisture conditions. The saying "cow dung is cold, horse dung is hot" seems illogical when it comes to the cold and hot of cow and horse dung, but in fact, due to the different drinks of cows and horses, the activity of microorganisms in the dung is also different, and the fermentation and heat generation ability is significantly different. Some cultivation measures not only affect yield but also quality. For example, the proverb "after nine weeding, the rice has no bristles; after three thinning, the wheat has no chaff" is very reasonable. How to interpret it thoroughly is worth further consideration. Some proverbs must be revealed through scientific research to uncover their theoretical significance, such as "it's hard to grow three yellow rice seeds," and "money can't buy a big belly yellow." The "three yellow and three black" problem proposed by the rice expert Chen Yongkang requires a preliminary understanding of "yellow representing a physiological state at the turning point of the individual development process of late rice. After each yellowing, the plant turns to another new stage." This is a preliminary explanation of the three yellow problem, but there are still different opinions and debates. There are many proverbs with strong generality and profound scientific principles that require us to analyze and improve them with modern scientific knowledge or through specific experimental research.

27. 秋后的蚊子，飞不了几天。

27. The mosquitoes after autumn can't fly for more than a few days.

28. 群众性和通俗性。农谚极大部分作者是广大的劳动群众，这就决定了农谚的思想、感情以至于表达形式必然是广大群众所喜闻乐见的，富有生活气息、泥土气息的，并且便于记诵，相互传播。其中最常用的是把生产技术措施与人的关系联系起来说明，最易为群众所接受。如说明拔秧以前要略施起身肥，以利发根，但又不必太多，农谚就说：“秧苗起身，还要点心”，以“点心”来比喻起身肥的作用和分量，恰到好处。冬季种麦子没有灰肥是很大的问题，农谚用“无灰不种麦，无酒不请客”来强调说明灰肥的重要性。稻缺氮肥，叶片发黄，亟需增施肥料，农谚用“稻子黄恹恹，主人欠它豆饼钱”来讽喻。玉米打顶后可以促使植株生长有力，结棒子粗壮，农谚就用“玉米去了头，力气大如牛”来比喻，其他如“番薯不怕羞，一直栽到秋”，“种田草子河泥，小孩糖梗荸荠”，“秀稻黄，吃块糖；秀稻黑，没得吃”等都是生动活泼而又含意深刻的好农谚。在我们继承农谚遗产、总结农谚的特点时，必须把握农谚的群众性和通俗性这一特色。

28. Popularity and universality. The vast majority of authors of agricultural proverbs are the masses of the working people, which determines that the thoughts, emotions, and expression forms of agricultural proverbs must be those that the masses like to hear and enjoy, full of the vitality and earthiness of life, and easy to remember and spread. The most commonly used ones are those that link production techniques with human relations to explain, which are most easily accepted by the masses. For example, to explain that before transplanting seedlings, a little "starting fertilizer" should be applied to facilitate root growth, but not too much. The agricultural proverb says, "When the seedlings take root, they still need a 'little treat'", using the metaphor of 'little treat' to describe the role and amount of the starting fertilizer, which is very appropriate. Not having ash fertilizer in winter sowing wheat is a big problem, and the agricultural proverb emphasizes the importance of ash fertilizer with the saying, "Without ash, don't plant wheat; without wine, don't invite guests." When rice lacks nitrogen fertilizer, the leaves turn yellow, and it is urgent to increase the application of fertilizers, the agricultural proverb uses the metaphor "The rice is yellowish, and the master owes it soybean cake money" to satirize this situation. After the top of corn is removed, it can promote strong plant growth and sturdy ear formation, and the agricultural proverb uses the metaphor "Corn without its head, as strong as an ox" to illustrate this. Other examples such as "Sweet potatoes don't mind being shy, keep planting until autumn", "Rice seedlings in the river mud, children's sugar cane lotus root", "Good rice is yellow, eat a piece of candy; good rice is black, nothing to eat" are all vivid and lively agricultural proverbs with profound meanings. When we inherit the heritage of agricultural proverbs and summarize their characteristics, we must grasp the characteristic of popularity and universality of agricultural proverbs.

29. 荞不见霜不老，麦不吃风不黄。

29. Buckwheat does not age without frost, wheat does not turn yellow without wind.

30. 破粪缸，不用甩，壅田多餐饭。

30. Destroy the dung vat, don't shake it, the fields will yield many meals.

31. 立夏栽茄子，立秋吃茄子。

31. Plant eggplants on the day of Lìxià (Start of Summer), and eat eggplants on the day of Lìqiū (Start of Autumn).

32. 三月雨，贵似油；四月雨，好动锄。

32. March rain is precious like oil; April rain is good for stirring the hoe.

33. 种子与农业 种子建设

33. Seed and Agriculture: Seed Construction

34. 肥料与农业 肥料建设

34. Fertilizer and Agriculture - Fertilizer Construction

35. 下面再就农谚内容的特点试作分析，归纳为三点六性：

35. The following is an attempt to analyze the characteristics of the contents of agricultural proverbs, summarizing them into three points and six properties:

36. 农谚是劳动人民长期生产实践中积累起来的经验结晶，它对于农业生产必然起着一定的指导作用。特别是在封建社会中，劳动人民被剥夺了读书识字的权利，他们的经验主要靠“父诏其子，兄诏其弟”的口头相传方式流传和继承下来，农谚就是其中的一个方面。例如，在封建社会时期，还没有同代的温度计、湿度计等仪器，农民就拿多年生树木的生长状态作为预告农事季节的依据，因为多年生树木的生长在一定程度上反映了一定的客观气候条件，于是产生了“要知五谷，先看五木”的农谚。在指导播种期方面，有许多反映物候学的谚语，如“梨花白，种大豆”；“樟树落叶桃花红，白豆种子好出瓮”；以及“青蛙叫，落谷子”等等。更多的是根据二十四节气指出各种作物的适宜播种时期：如“白露早，寒露迟，秋分草子正当时”；“白露白，正好种荞麦”等。农民有了这些农谚就能掌握适时播种。另外如“立冬蚕豆小雪麦，一生一世赶勿着”；“十月种油，不够老婆搽头”等谚语，却是失败教训的总结，提醒人们要抓紧季节，不误农时。

36. Proverbs of the countryside are the crystallization of experience accumulated by the laboring people over a long period of production practice, and they undoubtedly play a certain guiding role in agricultural production. Especially in the feudal society, the laboring people were deprived of the right to read and write, and their experiences were mainly passed down and inherited through the oral transmission of "father to son, elder brother to younger brother." The proverbs are one aspect of this. For example, during the feudal period, there were no thermometers, hygrometers, and other instruments of the same era. Farmers used the growth conditions of perennial trees as a basis for predicting the agricultural season. Because the growth of perennial trees reflects certain objective climatic conditions to some extent, the proverb "to know the five grains, first look at the five trees" was born. In terms of guiding the sowing period, there are many proverbs reflecting the science of phenology, such as "pear blossoms white, plant soybeans"; "camphor trees shed leaves, peach blossoms red, white bean seeds are good to sprout"; and "the frogs croak, and the millet is harvested" etc. More often, they point out the appropriate sowing periods for various crops based on the 24 solar terms: such as "Early White Dew, Late Cold Dew, the sowing of autumn grass seeds is just the right time"; "White Dew is white, it is a good time to plant buckwheat" etc. With these proverbs, farmers can master the timing of sowing. Additionally, proverbs like "Winter Solstice for broad beans, Snowy Eclipse for wheat, one lifetime is not enough to catch up"; "Plant oil in October, not enough for the wife to comb her hair" etc., are summaries of lessons learned from failures, reminding people to seize the season and not to miss the agricultural timing.

37. 地域性和普遍性。农谚的地域性，实际上反映了农业生产的地域性。例如不同地区作物种类不同，播种、收获季节不同等等。浙江农谚：“麦黄种麻，麻黄种麦”，陕西农谚则为“麦黄种糜，糜黄种麦”，这是作物因地域而不同。华北农谚“七金、八银、九铜、十铁”，“秋收不耕地，来年不能定主意”，这是反映北方冬季休闲、一年一熟耕作制的，在南方就不是这样，浙江农谚“草子种三年，坏田变好田”，“烂冬油菜旱冬麦”，反映浙江地区冬季不是种绿肥，就是种大小麦、油菜以及蚕豆、豌豆等，很少休闲，更没有七月八月就耕地准备过冬的。地域性差别最大的是播种期，华北种麦的适期是：“白露早，寒露迟，秋分种麦正当时”，浙江则是：“寒露早，立冬迟，霜降前后正当时”。种芝麻和小米，华北是：“小满芝麻芒种谷”，浙江则是“头伏芝麻二伏粟”。

37. Regionalism and Universality. The regionalism of agricultural proverbs actually reflects the regional characteristics of agricultural production. For example, different regions have different types of crops, different sowing and harvest seasons, and so on. The Zhejiang agricultural proverb goes, "When wheat turns yellow, plant flax; when flax turns yellow, plant wheat," while the Shaanxi proverb states, "When wheat turns yellow, plant millet; when millet turns yellow, plant wheat." This reflects the differences in crops due to regional variations. The North China agricultural proverb is "Seven golds, eight silvers, nine coppers, ten irons," and "If you don't plow after the autumn harvest, you won't be able to make decisions for the next year." This reflects the winter leisure and the annual single-harvest farming system in the north, which is not the case in the south. The Zhejiang proverb states, "Sow grass seeds for three years, and bad fields turn into good ones," and "Rotten winter rapeseed and dry winter wheat," reflecting that in Zhejiang, during the winter, it is either green manure or wheat, rapeseed, and beans such as soybeans and peas, with very little leisure, let alone preparing the fields for winter in July and August. The greatest differences are in the sowing periods. The appropriate sowing period for wheat in North China is "Early in the White Dew, late in the Cold Dew, and it's the right time to plant wheat during the Autumn Equinox," while in Zhejiang, it is "Early in the Cold Dew, late in the Winter Solstice, and it's the right time before and after the frost descent." For sesame and millet, in North China it is "Sow sesame during the Little Full Moon and millet during the Grain in Ear," while in Zhejiang it is "Sow sesame during the first heat and millet during the second heat."

38. 寒损根，霜打头。

38. Cold damage to the roots, frost strikes the head.

39. 梨花白，种大豆。

39. White pear blossoms, plant soybeans.

40. 要想多打粮，包谷绿豆种两样。

40. To grow more grain, plant both corn and mung beans.

41. 立秋无雨是空秋，万物历来一半收。

41. If there is no rain on the day of Lì Qiū, it is known as an "Empty Autumn," where half of all things are typically harvested.

42. 人热了跳，稻热了笑。

42. When people get hot, they jump; when rice gets hot, it smiles.

43. 头遍浅，二遍深，三次锄土培麻根。

43. The first time, the soil is shallow; the second time, it is deeper; and the third time, the soil is turned and the hemp roots are cultivated.

44. 春挣一日，夏挣一时。

44. Work for a day in spring, work for an hour in summer.

45. 板田点蚕豆，松田种绿豆。

45. On the bamboo field, silkworm beans are planted; on the pine field, mung beans are cultivated.

46. 如果我们把作物生产的全部过程分成几个环节，几乎每个环节都有一定的农谚。例如水稻从播种起，选用良种有“种好稻好，娘好囡好”等；培育壮秧有“秧好半年稻”等；插秧技术有“会插不会插，看你两只脚”，“早稻水上飘，晚稻插齐腰”等，施肥有“早稻泥下送，晚稻三遍壅”，“中间轻，两头重”等；田间管理有“处暑根头摸，一把烂泥一把谷”等等。拿水稻一项来说，浙江就有500条左右农谚。农民有了这些农谚，就好象现在有了技术指导手册一样，曾经起过很大的指导作用。特别是在一些老农民中都还保留有这种习惯。1959年我们在丽水县向一位老农了解当地播种粟的经验，他就举出“红粟头上一枚针，只怕浅来不怕深”的农谚，并且拿粟和芝麻相比，说：“芝麻头上两瓣叶，只怕深来不怕浅”的农谚，生动地说明了单子叶植物（如粟）和双子叶植物（如芝麻）对播种深度的不同要求。我们在平阳县总结当地种植龙爪稷（当地称粟）的经验时，农民又举出“稻倒收一半，麦倒没得看，粟倒一箩收箩半”的农谚，说明龙爪稷的特点是不怕倒伏。诸如此类的例子是不胜枚举的，足以证明农谚对指导农业生产起着很大的作用。

46. If we divide the entire process of crop production into several stages, almost every stage has certain agricultural proverbs. For example, for rice, from sowing, there are sayings like "Sow good rice, have a good mother, have a good daughter"; for raising strong seedlings, there are sayings like "Good seedlings mean half a year of good rice"; for transplanting seedlings, there are sayings like "Whether you can transplant or not, it depends on your two feet", "Early rice floats on water, late rice is transplanted up to the waist"; for fertilization, there are sayings like "Early rice delivered under the mud, late rice needs three rounds of mulching", "Light in the middle, heavy at both ends"; and for field management, there are sayings like "Feel the root at the beginning of the Heat, a handful of muddy soil, a handful of rice" and so on. Taking rice as an example, there are about 500 such proverbs in Zhejiang. With these proverbs, farmers are like having a technical guidebook now, which has once played a significant guiding role. Especially, this habit is still retained by many elderly farmers. In 1959, when we were in Lishui County, we learned about the local experience of sowing millet from an elderly farmer, and he cited the proverb "A needle on the head of red millet, afraid of shallow but not deep", and compared it with sesame seeds, saying "Two leaves on the head of sesame, afraid of deep but not shallow", vividly illustrating the different requirements for sowing depth between monocotyledonous plants (such as millet) and dicotyledonous plants (such as sesame). When we summarized the local experience of planting Longzhua millet (locally known as millet) in Pingyang County, the farmers cited the proverb "Rice falls and only half is harvested, wheat falls and nothing can be seen, millet falls and half a basket is harvested", indicating the characteristic of Longzhua millet being resistant to lodging. There are countless examples like this, which are enough to prove that proverbs play a significant role in guiding agricultural production.

47. 会种种一丘，不会种种千丘。

47. If you can handle one hill, you can handle a thousand.

48. 一九二九不出手，三九四九冰上走，五九和六九，河边看杨柳，七九河洞开，八九燕子来，九九加一九，耕牛遍地走

48. In the 29th year of the 20th century, it's too early to take action; in the 39th and 49th years, you can walk on the ice. In the 59th and 69th years, you can see willows by the riverbank. In the 79th year, the river is open, and in the 89th year, swallows come. In the 99th year and the first year of the next century, oxen are seen everywhere working in the fields.

49. 6等6句类为最多，共11857条，占总数的7493%。另就浙江农谚农作物部分的统计来看，也存在同样的分配情况（表17）。

49. The category with 6 sentences each is the most numerous, totaling 11,857, accounting for 7,493% of the total. Furthermore, the statistics of the section on agricultural proverbs in Zhejiang also show the same distribution (Table 17).

50. 立秋一场雨，夏衣高捆起。

50. A rain on the day of Lì Qiū (Start of Autumn), summer clothes are bundled up high.

51. 人不亏地皮，地不亏肚皮。

51. A person does not lose from the land, and the land does not lose from the belly.

52. 大麦割青，小麦摇铃。

52. Barley is harvested green, wheat is shaken like a bell.

53. 秋分见麦苗，寒露麦针倒。

53. At the autumnal equinox, wheat seedlings can be seen; at the Cold Dew, wheat needles fall over.

54. 人在屋里热得跳，稻在田里哈哈笑。

54. Inside the house, people are sweating and jumping; outside in the field, the rice is laughing with a ha-ha sound.

55. 伏里无雨，谷里无米；伏里雨多，谷里米多。

55. If there is no rain in Fu Li, there will be no rice in the valley; if there is much rain in Fu Li, there will be plenty of rice in the valley.

56. 会插不会插，瞅你两只脚。

56. Can't insert but want to insert, look at your two feet.

57. 揪花开，谷出来。 揪花开，麻出来。

57. Pull the flower open, the grain comes out. Pull the flower open, the hemp comes out.

58. 秋分到寒露，种麦不延误。

58. From the Autumn Equinox to the Cold Dew, plant wheat without delay.

59. 千处粪田，不如一处来粪秧。

59. It's better to have one place for manure than a thousand places for cultivating manure.

60. 费洁心所收的农谚，限于他个人的条件，共只5953条。建国以后，农业出版社以吕平为主，进行了有计划的全国农谚收集工作，共得10万余条，经过归并整理分类，共得31400余条，分成《中国农谚》上下两册出版。上册是农作物部分，包括大田作物、棉麻、果蔬、蚕桑、豆类、油料直至花卉为止，据笔者统计，共约16200余条；下册为总论及畜牧、渔业、林业等部分，总论包括土、肥、种、田间管理、水利及气象等，共约15200余条。又将该书上下两册按类分别统计结果，大体上同上述费洁心的统计结果类似。但所见的规律性更为明显。即全部农谚中，以气象农谚最占多数，共得7903条，占全部的2516%。其次就是水稻，共4573条，占全部的1456%；第三是麦类，共3596条，占全部的1145%。其余的分散到各种作物上，条数有多有少，都远不及稻麦那样多。稻麦及粟黍类农谚条数的比例，很像笔者对《古今图书集成》草木典谷部文献所作统计的结果，在《集成》中，也是以稻的文献量占首位，各种麦合起来居次位，粟黍又次之，三者所占比重超过其他任何的作物。[2] 文字记载量的比重同农民口头谚语的比重如此一致，是客观事物规律的如实反映。将果树和蔬菜类供不应求也只得1571条，占全部的500%。粮食方面，像玉米和甘薯是迟至明末才引进普及的。玉米很快积累起222条，当然比重不高，仅占070%；甘薯积累起366条，占116%。自古农桑衣食并举，棉花较之蚕桑是后起的，但推广极快，积累的农谚超过了蚕桑，棉花有1243条，占395%；蚕桑只355条，占113%，蚕桑的农谚不应这样少，其原因待查。农作物和畜牧这粮畜两条腿中，畜牧部分的农谚远少于作物，只有1433条，占全部的456%，这是中国农区食物结构的特点，农区人口增长的压力使得农区拿不出更多的土地饲养家畜。在家畜的农谚中，以猪最多，猪在南方是舍饲杂食，不需草场牧地。家畜农谚一个突出之点，是对家畜的鉴别农谚较多，且很生动有据，很像汉代以来的《相马经》、《相牛经》之类，只是句子短少而已。

60. The number of agricultural proverbs collected by Fei Jiexin was limited to his personal conditions, totaling only 5,953. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Agricultural Publishing House, led by Lü Ping, carried out a planned national collection of agricultural proverbs, obtaining more than 100,000 in total. After consolidation, sorting, and classification, a total of more than 31,400 were obtained and published in two volumes, "Chinese Agricultural Proverbs." The first volume is dedicated to crops, including field crops, cotton and flax, fruits and vegetables, silkworm and mulberry, beans, oil crops, and flowers, with a total of about 16,200 according to the author's statistics; the second volume covers general discussions and parts on animal husbandry, fishery, forestry, and more. The general discussion includes soil, fertilization, seeds, field management, irrigation, and meteorology, with about 15,200. The classification and statistics of the two volumes of the book were roughly similar to Fei Jiexin's statistics. However, the regularity was more obvious. Among all the agricultural proverbs, meteorological proverbs were the most numerous, with a total of 7,903, accounting for 2516% of the total. Next is rice, with 4,573, accounting for 1456% of the total; followed by wheat, with 3,596, accounting for 1145% of the total. The rest were scattered among various crops, with varying numbers, all far fewer than rice and wheat. The proportion of agricultural proverb entries for rice, wheat, and millet was similar to the author's statistics of the literature in the "Comprehensive Collection of Books from Ancient to Modern Times" in the section on grains. In the "Comprehensive Collection," the literature on rice was the most abundant, followed by various types of wheat combined together, and millet next, with a combined proportion exceeding that of any other crop. The proportion of written records was so consistent with the proportion of farmers' oral proverbs, reflecting the objective laws of things. Only 1,571 proverbs were collected for fruit and vegetable categories, accounting for 500% of the total. In terms of grain, crops like corn and sweet potatoes were not introduced and popularized until the end of the Ming Dynasty. Corn accumulated 222 entries, of course with a low proportion, accounting for only 70%; sweet potatoes accumulated 366 entries, accounting for 116%. Since ancient times, agriculture and silkworm rearing have been combined with clothing and food production. Cotton, compared to silkworm rearing, emerged later, but was rapidly spread, and the accumulated proverbs exceeded those of silkworm rearing. There were 1,243 proverbs for cotton, accounting for 395%, and only 355 for silkworm rearing, accounting for 113%. The number of silkworm rearing proverbs should not be so low, and the reason needs to be investigated. In the two legs of grain crops and animal husbandry, the number of proverbs in the animal husbandry section was far fewer than those for crops, with only 1,433, accounting for 456% of the total. This is a characteristic of the food structure in China's agricultural areas, as the pressure of population growth in agricultural areas has left little land for raising livestock. Among the animal husbandry proverbs, pigs are the most numerous, as they are housed and fed a mixed diet in the south, without the need for pastures. An outstanding point of the animal husbandry proverbs is that there are many proverbs for distinguishing between animals, which are vivid and well-supported, much like the "Manual of Horse Assessing" and "Manual of Cow Assessing" since the Han Dynasty, except that the sentences are shorter.

61. 立秋晴一日，农夫不用力。

61. On the day of Lì Qiū (Start of Autumn), when it's clear and sunny, farmers don't need to work hard.

62. 秋前北风马上雨，秋后北风无滴水。?>

62. Before autumn, north wind brings rain swiftly; after autumn, north wind brings no drop of water.

63. 不论地域性和普遍性，就其表达形式的类似来看，说明当初某条农谚可能发源于某一地区，随着传播开去，各地就按照自己地区的特点（如作物的、耕作制的、季节的、口语习惯等）予以变通，最明显的如播种期，几乎“××早，××迟，××××正当时”成为各地农谚的共同表达公式了。

63. Regardless of its regional or universal nature, in terms of the similarity of its expression forms, it indicates that a certain folk saying about agriculture may have originated in a particular region. As it spread, each region adapted it according to its own characteristics (such as crop types, agricultural systems, seasons, and spoken language habits, etc.). The most obvious example is the planting period, where the formula of "×× early,×× late,×××× is just right" has almost become the common expression in the folk sayings of various regions.

64. 反映了农业生产发展过程对自然条件的依赖性。不违农时，适时播种，是进行农业生产的先决条件，从原始的刀耕火种到现代化的机器耕种，农业技术起了多么大的变化，只有适时播种是不能任意改变的。为了正确掌握农时，几千年来劳动人民总结了丰富的经验，经受了足够的教训，因而以时令为中心的农谚竟占到40%左右。旱、涝、风、寒等自然灾害在小农经济的封建社会时期，更是无法克服的莫大威胁，因此企图掌握自然灾害规律的农谚也占到1/4。

64. Reflects the dependence of the process of agricultural production development on natural conditions. Not violating the agricultural season and sowing at the right time are the prerequisite conditions for agricultural production. From the primitive slash-and-burn to modern machine cultivation, how much change has agricultural technology undergone, and it is not arbitrary to change only the timely sowing. In order to correctly grasp the agricultural season, over thousands of years, the working people have summed up rich experience and learned enough lessons, so that the proverbs centered around the seasons account for about 40%. In the feudal society period of small-scale farming economy, natural disasters such as drought, flood, wind, and cold were an insurmountable threat, and therefore, the proverbs attempting to master the laws of natural disasters also accounted for 1/4.

65. 庄稼一枝花，全靠肥当家。

65. A single crop is like a flower, all thanks to the fertility of the soil.

66. 立冬蚕豆小雪麦，一生一世赶勿着。

66. The day of Li Dong (Start of Winter) and the Wutou bean, and the day of Xiaoxue (Slight Snow) and the wheat, are two events that cannot be caught in a lifetime.

67. 为了更好地总结农谚，有必要对千百年流传下来的农谚，就其句法结构和表达方法作些剖视，以便从中学习一些对发展新农谚、创造新农谚有益的经验。

67. In order to better summarize agricultural proverbs, it is necessary to analyze the syntactic structures and expression methods of the agricultural proverbs that have been passed down for thousands of years, so as to learn some experiences that are beneficial for developing new agricultural proverbs and creating new ones.

68. 农谚的句法 农谚的句子比较精炼朴素，但是把大量的农谚加以排以分析，就可以发现农谚的句子也相当错综复杂。先就每句的字数看，据笔者就全国农谚15823条（约36万字）的分类统计，[3] 最少的是3字一条，最多的是196字一条。如将字数不同的各条称为一个“句类”，则从3字一条顺次到58字一条，共有56种不同句类：从60字到196字，共有34句类，总计从3字条到196字条共有90句类。值得注意的是，这90种句类中各类所拥有的句子数是不平衡的，绝大部分集中于10、

68. Syntax of Folk Sayings The sentences of folk sayings are concise and simple, but when a large number of folk sayings are arranged and analyzed, it can be found that the sentences of folk sayings are also quite complex. To begin with, looking at the number of characters in each sentence, according to the classification statistics by the author of 15,823 folk sayings from across the country (about 360,000 characters), [3] the shortest is a sentence of 3 characters, and the longest is a sentence of 196 characters. If each sentence with a different number of characters is called a "sentence type," then from 3-character sentences to 58-character sentences, there are a total of 56 different sentence types: from 60 characters to 196 characters, there are 34 sentence types. In total, from 3-character sentences to 196-character sentences, there are 90 sentence types. It is noteworthy that the number of sentences in these 90 sentence types is not balanced, with the vast majority concentrated in the range of 10,

69. 麦浇早，谷浇老。

69. Wheat is watered early, rice is watered late.

70. 山上有果，垌上有禾。

70. There are fruits on the mountain, and crops in the ravines.